1. Human Physiology Unit Two

2. Enzymes
Proteins that function as biological catalysts by lowering the energy of activation and speeding up chemical processes
Enzymes are substrate specific, much like a lock and key
Enzymes catalyze reactions without being changed

3. Enzymes
How they work!

4. Enzymes
How they work!

5. Enzymes Cofactors inorganic metal ions Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+ and others
change the shape of the enzyme

6. Enzymes Coenzymes organic molecules derived from vitamins
NAD+ and FAD+ and others
carry H+ and small molecules

7. Enzymes

8. Laws of Thermodynamics
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Energy is neither created or destroyed, but can change forms
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
When energy changes forms it becomes more disordered (entropy)

10. CO2 + H2O + E C6H12O6 + O2
Photosynthesis

11. C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + E
Cellular respiration

12. Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + E C6H12O6 + O2
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + E
Cellular respiration
This energy is used to form ATP!

13. Heat
Heat
Glucose
Glucose
ATP
ATP

14. Adenosine triphosphate The fuel of living cells
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
The fuel of living cells

15. Energy released to do work in cell
Energy released from food (glucose)

16. Metabolism
All the chemical reactions in a body that involve the transfer of energy
Anabolic - building up reactions
- require energy
(endergonic)
Catabolic - tearing down reactions
- release energy
(exergonic)

17. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

18. ATP production is the goal of cell respiration!
One molecule of glucose yields 36 ATPs!
This process is actually four:
Glycolysis Transition Reaction Krebs Cycle Electron Transport System

19. Glycolysis Anaerobic respiration – no oxygen Cytoplasm Mitochondrion
In:
1 glucose 2 ATPs
Out:
2 NADH + H ATPs (2 net) pyruvic acids (C3)
Anaerobic respiration – no oxygen

20. Anaerobic respiration – no oxygen
Mitochondrion
No oxygen present OR
Ethanol

21. Transition Reaction Aerobic respiration – oxygen is present
Mitochondrion
Transition Reaction
In:
2 pyruvic acids (C3)
Decarboxylation – 2 CO2
Out:
2 NADH + H Acetyl CoA (C2)
Aerobic respiration – oxygen is present

22. Krebs Cycle Aerobic respiration – oxygen is present Mitochondrion In:
2 acetyl CoA (C2)
Out:
6 NADH + H FADH ATPs
Decarboxylation – 4 CO2
Aerobic respiration – oxygen is present

23. Electron Transport System Oxygen is the final H+ acceptor
Mitochondrion
In:
2 NADH + H+ (Glycolysis) NADH + H+ (Transition Reaction) 6 NADH + H+ (Krebs Cycle) FADH2 (Krebs Cycle)
X 2 = 4 ATPs X 3 = 6 ATPs X 3 = 18 ATPs X 2 = 4 ATPs
32 ATPs
Oxygen is the final H+ acceptor
Out:
32 ATPs H2O
Aerobic respiration – oxygen is present

24. ATP production is the goal of cell respiration!
Glycolysis – 2 ATPs Transition Reaction – 0 ATPs Krebs Cycle – 2 ATPs Electron Transport System – 32 ATPs
One molecule of glucose yields 36 ATPs!

25. Definitions Glycogen – the animal storage form of glucose
Dehydration synthesis – the assembling of organic molecules by extracting water
Hydrolysis – the breaking up of organic molecules using water

26. Dehydration Synthesis
and
Hydrolysis

27. Definitions Glycogenesis – the formation of glycogen from glucose
Glycogenolysis – the conversion of glycogen to glucose
Gluconeogenesis – the conversion of non-carbohydrates into glucose

28. Gluconeogenesis - Fats

29. Gluconeogenesis - Proteins

30. Gluconeogenesis

31. Organ Energy Sources

32. Examples of Lipid Anabolism
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones, etc.)
Prostaglandins
Waxes

33. Examples of Protein Anabolism
Glycoproteins
Hemoglobin
Enzymes
Collagen
Antibodies