1. Economic and Industrial Geography Terms
2007

2. Agricultural labor force
% of people employed in agriculture
High % of people employed in agriculture associated with low per capita income and low energy consumption and underdevelopment

3. Calorie consumption
Requirements vary according to occupation, age, sex, size and climate conditions
Used to assess the degree of undernourishment of a country’s population

4. Core-periphery model
A model of the spatial structure of the economic system in with underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating developed core region

5. Cultural convergence
The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organization structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication

6. Dependency theory
A structuralist model arguing that political and economic relationships (especially colonialism) between countries and regions control and limit the extent to which regions can develop

7. Energy consumption
A measure of development correlated loosely with per capita income, degree of industrialization, and use of advanced technology

8. Foreign direct investment
The total of overseas business investments made by private companies

9. Gender
Social differences between men and women---vary greatly over time and space

10. GDP
The value of the goods and services produced within a country in a given year

11. GNP
The value of the goods and services produced by a country’s economy within a given year. Includes goods and services produced by corporations and individuals of a country, whether or not they are located within the country

12. Human Development Index
An indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the UN, compining income, literacy, education and life expectancy

13. Levels of Development

14. Measures of Development
Human development index
Gender related development index
Gender empowerment measure

15. Neocolonialism
Economic and political strategies by which powerful core states indirectly maintain or extend influence over other areas or people

16. Physical Quality of Life Index
an attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country. The value is a single number derived from basic literacy rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at age one, all equally weighted on a 0 to 100 scale

17. Purchasing Power Parity
A monetary measurement taking into account what money actually buys in a country

18. W.W. Rostow
Developed the five stages of growth

19. Stages of Growth Model

20. Technology Gap
The contrast between the technology available in the core and present in the periphery

21. Technology Transfer
The diffusion or acquisition by one culture or region of the technology possessed by another

22. Third World
can be used to divide the nations of Earth into one of three broad categories
the Third World became a synonym for those nations that aligned themselves with neither the West nor with the Soviet Bloc during the Cold War.

23. World Systems Theory Emmanuel Wallerstein
One of many theories that treat the global economy as a large system

24. Agglomeration
When a substantial number of enterprises cluster in the same area, as in a large industrial city, they can provide assistance to each other through shared talents, services and facilities

25. Agglomeration Economies
agglomeration economies refers to savings or benefits derived from the clustering of activities

26. Assembly Line/Fordism
Traditionally in large factories each worker was assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly

27. Bid Rent Theory
a geographical theory that refers to how the price and demand on land changes as the distance towards the CBD (Central Business District) increases.

28. Break of Bulk Point
The location (usually a port) where a shipment is divided into parts. This usually (such as at the port) happens where a transfer of the shipment between transport modes occurs, such as between water and land at a port.

29. Comparative Advantage
Principle whereby places and regions specialize in activities for which they have the greatest advantage in productivity relative to other regions----or for which they have the least disadvantage

30. Deglomeration
The process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition

31. Deindustrialization
a relative decline in industrial employment in core regions

32. Economic Sectors
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Quinary

33. Economies of Scale
Savings that accrue from large-scale production when the unit cost of manufacturing decreases as the level of operation enlarges

34. Ecotourism
Aims to inform about the natural environment

35. Entrepot
A place, usually a port city where goods are imported, stored, and transshipped; a break of bulk point

36. Export Processing Zone
Small areas within which especialy foavorble investment and trading conditions are created by governments in order to attract export oriented industries

37. Fixed Costs
Fixed costs are expenses whose total does not change in proportion to the activity of a business, within the relevant time period or scale of production.
Rent
Utilities
Payroll

38. Footloose Industry
an industry whose production costs are unaffected by location
many modern industries have components which are much easier to transport, giving them much more choice of location

39. Four Tigers
These countries and territories were noted for maintaining high growth rates and rapid industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s

40. Growth Poles
Economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries
Industries designed to stimulate growth through the establishment of various supporting industries

41. Industrial Location Theory
Attempts to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity in terms of the factors that influence this pattern

42. Industrial Regions Western and Central Europe Eastern North America
Russia and Ukraine
Eastern Asia

43. Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

44. Infrastructure The foundations of society: Urban centers
Transport networks
Communications
Energy systems
Educational facilities
Farms, factories, mines

45. International Division of Labor
The specialization by countries in particular products for export

46. Labor-Intensive
An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses

47. Least-Cost Location
Model developed by Weberaccording to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimalization of three critical expenses 1) 2) 3)

48. maquiladora
Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico
Imported components or raw materials are assembled and then finished products are exported
An example of an export processing zone

49. Market orientation
Production of a good will be located near the market if the cost of transporting goods to consumers is a critical locational factor
Bulk gaining
Single market
Perishable
Example of a situation factor

50. Multiplier effect
Expansion of economic activity caused by the growth or introduction of another activity

51. NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement 1994
Created a free trade area between US, Mexico and Canada
Provides for tariff free movement of goods, products, financial services, telecommunications, investment and patent protection

52. outsourcing
The process of transfering a function or service to a third party
Generally takes advantage of low wages in semi-peripheral or periphery countries

53. postindustrial
An emerging economy in technologically advanced countries as traditional industry is overshadowed by a high-tech productive complex dominated by services and info related and managerial activities

54. refrigeration

55. Resource orientation
If the weight and bulk of any one input is particularly great, the firm may locate near the source of that input to minimize transportation costs
Bulk reducing industries
Copper
Steel

56. Special economic zones (China)
SEZ’s
A specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign businesses and investment
a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws

59. Specialized economic zones

60. Substitution principle
From Weber, when one cost decreases a firm can endure higher costs in another area

61. Threshold/range
Range is the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service
Threshold is the minimum number of people needed to support the service

62. Time-space compression
The reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

63. Transnational corporation
A company that conducts research, operates factories and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located

64. ubiquitous
Being or seeming to be everywhere at the same time

65. Variable costs
expenses that change in proportion to the activity of a business

66. Weight gaining
an industry that makes something that gains volume or weight during production
Bulk gaining industries

67. Weight losing
An economic activity in which the final product weighs less than its inputs
Bulk reducing
Copper
Steel

68. World cities
Most closely integrated into the global economic system because they are at the center of the flow of information and capital
London
New York
Tokyo