1. Computer Programming

2. Objectives Program and Programming Algorithms & Programs
Software Life Cycle
Computer Language Generations
Flowchart

3. Program and Programming

4. Program and Programming
A set of instruction written in a programming language that a computer can execute so that the machine acts in a predetermined way.
Program solves a problem البرنامج يحل مشكلة معينة
Before writing a program:
Have a thorough understanding of the problem
Carefully plan an approach for solving it.
Programming:البرمجة هي عملية كتابة أوامر للحاسب تخبر المعالج بما يجب أن يقوم به
The Process of providing instructions to the computer that tells the processor what to do.

5. Algorithms and Programs

6. Algorithms and Programs الخوارزمي يقدم حلا لمشكلة دون الاعتماد على أي لغة للبرمجة بينما البرنامج عبارة عن خوارزمي مكتوب بلغة معينة
An Algorithm is a solution to a problem that is independent of any programming language While
A program is an algorithm expressed using a specific set of instructions from any programming language.

7. Algorithm Example Maximum of two numbers Steps:
Read/input two numbers
Compare two numbers
Print the Greater number
Average of three numbers
Read/input three numbers
Add three numbers
divide the sum by 3.
Print the result of divison

8. Software Life Cycle

9. Software Life Cycle What Requirements Gathering, Problem definition
How
Analysis and Design (Programming techniques)
Do it
Coding
Test
Testing
Use
Implementation and Maintenance

10. Computer Language Generations

11. Computer Language generations
Machine language لغة الآلة
Assembly languages لغة التجميع
High-level languages لغة المستوى العالي
Very high-level languages لغة المستوى العالي جدا
Natural languages اللغات الطبيعية

12. Machine Language
Programs and memory locations are written in strings of 0s and 1sأصفار وآحاد
Problems with machine languages
Programs are difficult to write and debug
Each computer has its own machine language
Only option available to early programmersكانت تستخدم في برمجة حاسبات الجيل الأول

13. Assembly Languages
تستخدم حروف بدلا من الصفر والواحد مثل:
For example, A for add, C for compare, etc.
Use names rather than binary addresses for memory locations
Require an assembler to translate the program into machine language تحتاج لبرنامج يسمي المجمع للترجمة
Still used for programming chips and writing utility programs مازالت تستخدم لبرمجة الشرائح

14. High-Level Languages Transformed programming
Programmers could focus on solving problems rather than manipulating hardware
Programs could be written and debugged much more quickly
Requires a compiler to convert the statements into machine language
Each computer has its own version of a compiler for each language.

15. Very High-Level Languages
Also called fourth-generation languages (4GLs)
Considered nonprocedural languages
The programmer specifies the desired results, and the language develops the solution
Programmers can be about 10 times more productive using a fourth-generation language than a third-generation language

16. Natural Languages Resemble written or spoken English
Programs can be written in a natural syntax, rather than in the syntax rules of a programming language
The language translates the instructions into code the computer can execute

17. Major Programming Languages
FORTRAN
COBOL
BASIC
RPG
Visual Basic C
Java

18. Object-Oriented Languages
Java C#
Visual Basic

19. Flowchart

20. Flowchartخريطة سير العمليات
Graphical representation of an algorithm
Components:
Arrows/lines: Flow of control
Parallelogram: Indicates input and output operations
Rectangle symbol (action symbol): Indicates any type of action/computational step
Oval symbol: Indicates the start or the end of a program or a section of code
Diamond: Decision.

21. Flowchart Notations
Arrows
Diamond
Parallelogram
Oval
Rectangle

22. Example: Add two Numbers
START
READ
A,B
Sum = A+B
PRINT
Sum
Stop