1. The World’s Other Leaders
Spain
Turkey
Iran (Persia)
Saudi Arabia
Kenya
Libya
India/Muslim India
Japan
Indochina
China (Moa vs. Chiang)
Argentina
Brazil
Mexico

2. Spain Francisco Franco
Aided by Germany (Nazis) & Italy (Fascists), overthrew democratic government
Established a dictatorship
An example of authoritarianism

3. Francisco Franco

4. Turkey Abdulhamid II Mustafa Kumal Pre-WWI authoritarian leader
Performed genocide on Armenians
Mustafa Kumal
Created Turkish Republic
Modernized Turkey
Created democracy
Broke from Muslim social tradition

5. Mustafa Kemal
Abdulhamid II

6. Iran (Persia) Reza Shan Pahlavi
Modernized Persia, which was renamed Iran
Wanted to break from Great Britain and Soviet Union
Allied with Nazi Germany
During WWII, G.B. and S.U. wanted Germans out of Iran
Pahlavi refused and resigned when British and Soviet troops were sent in

7. Reza Shan Pahlavi

8. Saudi Arabia
Ibn Saud
United Arabs in the northern part of Arabian Peninsula
Country received its name from him
Established kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932
In the 1930’s, US discovered oil in Saudi Arabia
Joint Arabian-American company, Aramco, was created

9. Kenya
Harry Thuku
Reform leader who organized protests against high taxes set by British rulers
He was arrested
Followers stormed the jail and demanded his release
Government fired into the crowd and killed at least 20 people
Thuku was sent into exile

10. Libya
Omar Mukhtar
Used guerrilla warfare against Italians and defeated them
Italians retaliated by creating concentrations camps and used modern weapons to crush the rebellion
Mukhtar was killed and the reform movement ended

11. Omar Mukhtar
Harry Thuku

12. India Mohandas Gandhi (also called Mahatma, which means Great Soul)
Protested British laws by using civil disobedience
Protests led to violence and British troops killing hundreds of unarmed protesters
Britain passed Government of India Act, which allowed Indians to be involved in Indian government

13. “An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind.”
Mohandas Gandhi
“Mahatma” or Great Soul

14. India Indian National Congress (INC)
Under Motilal Nehru, INC sought for Indian independence
Gandhi still promoted civil disobedience and encouraged Indians to boycott anything British (clothes, schools, salt)
Gandhi and other members of INC arrested

15. India
Muslim India
Muslims dissatisfied with the dominance of Hindus in the INC
Muslim League was created and argued for the creation of a separate Muslim state, Pakistan

16. Japan
During the early 1920s, the pacifist government cut military spending
At the end of the 1920s, militant forces were emerging that wanted Japan to become a militaristic state
The government was soon dominated by the military

17. Indochina
Ho Chi Minh, a Moscow-trained revolutionary, organized Vietnamese Communists in Indochina
Indochina consists of:
Vietnam
Laos
Cambodia

18. China (Moa v Chiang) Nationalists v. Communists
Formed an alliance to oppose warlords and drive imperialists out of China
Chiang Kai-shek, leader of Nationalists Party, pretended to support the alliance
Shanghai Massacre – Chiang attacked Communists, killing thousands
Alliance ends

19. China (Moa v Chiang) Communists went into hiding
Mao Zedong became leader of Communist Party and encouraged peasants to drive the revolution
Nationalist attack Communists
Communists use guerrilla tactics
Mao’s army, People’s Liberation Army (PLA), break through Nationalist lines and begin “Long March”

20. China (Moa v Chiang)
PLA traveled over 6,000 miles to the last Communist base in Northwest China
Mao becomes leader of Chinese Communist Party
Chiang Kai-shek tried to create a strong government in China, but was unsuccessful

21. Argentina
Oligarchy of wealthy landowners created the Radical Party and elected Hipolito Irigoyen as president
Radical Party became more corrupt and army overthrew government
Military formed the Group of United Officers (GUO)
Overthrew the government and elected GUO member, Juan Peron, president

22. Brazil 1889, army overthrows monarchy and establishes republic
Because of the coffee industry, landowners became the ruling oligarchy
A military overthrew the oligarchy and elected Getulio Vargas president
Made himself dictator
Army held new elections and forced Vargas to resign

23. Mexico
Government controlled by Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI.
Every 6 years, PRI chose presidential candidate
Candidate is elected president
Because of disputes with US over oil, Mexico seized oil fields and property
Eventually things settled, Mexico paid US for oil property and set up PEMEX, a national oil company to run the industry