1. Chapter 15
Art

2. What We Will Learn How do anthropologists define the arts?
What are the various functions of art in society?
How do music and dance reflect other aspects of a culture?

3. Cross Cultural Definition of Art
Art Should ….
The artistic process should be creative, playful, and enjoyable and need not be concerned with the practicality or usefulness of the object being produced.
From the perspective of the consumer, art should produce an emotional response.
Art should be transformational.

4. Cross Cultural Definition of Art
Art Should ….
Art should communicate information by being representational.
Art implies that the artist has developed a certain level of technical skill not shared equally by all people in a society.

5. Art
This painting, Sea Swing, was one of many paintings by artist Jonathan Green which was combined with dance and music by the Columbia (SC) City Ballet in their 2005 performance entitled “Off the Wall and Onto the Stage.”

6. Tattooing
In parts of Polynesia, full-body tattooing is considered a significant form of art.

7. Question
According to the text, art should make a symbolic statement about what is being portrayed. In other words, art should communicate information
by being technically skilled.
by being transformational.
by being creative.
by being representational.

8. Answer: d
According to the text, art should make a symbolic statement about what is being portrayed. In other words, art should communicate information: by being representational.

9. Functions of Art Emotional Gratification for the Individual
Contributes to Social Integration
Social Control
Preserving or Challenging the Status Quo

10. Art and Government
This bronze head of Lenin, the largest in the world, located in the city of Ulan-Ude, Russia, is a piece of art commissioned by the communist government to evoke positive feelings about one of its founders.

11. Liberation Theater
A type of theatrical production using high levels of audience participation and aimed at bringing about social change.

12. Question
Quite apart from whatever benefits art may have for the total society, it is generally agreed that art is a source of ________ for both the artist and the viewer.
conversation
pride
personal gratification
embarrassment

13. Answer: c
Quite apart from whatever benefits art may have for the total society, it is generally agreed that art is a source of personal gratification for both the artist and the viewer.

15. Graphic And Plastic Arts
The Western notion of graphic and plastic arts usually refers to painting, sculpture, printmaking, and architecture.
The anthropological definition also includes such art forms as weaving, embroidery, tailoring, jewelry making, and tattooing and other forms of body decoration.

16. Utility and Art Art comes in many forms, some utilitarian, others not.
Here a man weaves a rug in Rajasthan, India.

17. Ethnomusicology
Ethnomusicologists would be interested in studying both the music of this Ukrainian andura player and how that music reflects the wider culture of which it is a part.

18. Four Major Concerns of Ethnomusicology
Ideas about music
How cultures distinguish between music and nonmusic.
The functions music has for the society.
Whether music is seen as beneficial or harmful to the society.
What constitutes beautiful music?
On what occasions should music be played?

19. Four Major Concerns of Ethnomusicology
Social structure of music
The social relationships between musicians.
How a society distinguishes between musicians on the basis of age, gender, race,ethnicity, or education.

20. Four Major Concerns of Ethnomusicology
Characteristics of music:
How the style of music in different cultures varies (scale, melody, harmony, timing).
The different musical genres that are found in a society (lullaby, sea chantey, hard rock, and so on).
The nature of musical texts (words).
How music is composed.
How music is learned and transmitted.

21. Four Major Concerns of Ethnomusicology
Material culture of music:
The nature of the musical instruments found in a culture.
Who makes musical instruments and how are they distributed?
How are musical tastes reflected in the instruments used?

22. Music: Egalitarian Societies and Stratified Societies
Repetitious texts
Nonrepetitious texts
Slurred articulation
Precise articulation
Little solo singing
Solo singing
Wide melodic intervals
Narrow melodic intervals

23. Music: Egalitarian Societies and Stratified Societies
Nonelaborate songs (no embellishments)
Elaborate songs (embellishments)
Few instruments
Large number of instruments
Singing in unison
Singing in simultaneously produced intervals

24. Functions of Dance
Psychological – helping people cope more effectively with tensions and aggressive feelings.
Political - expressing political values and attitudes, showing allegiance to political leaders, and controlling behavior.

25. Functions of Dance
Religiously – various methods of communicating with supernatural forces.
Socially - articulating and reinforcing relationships between members of the society.
Educationally - passing on the cultural traditions, values, and beliefs from one generation to the next.

26. Capoeira
A combination of dance, martial arts, and acrobatics originating among Brazilian slaves of the sixteenth century.

27. Verbal Art
Myths are stories of our search for significance, meaning, and truth.
Legends are told as if they were true, but often are only partially true or not at all true. They attempt to explain the establishment of local customs, the movement of populations from one land to another, or the traits of folk heroes.
Folktales have no particular basis in history and exist largely for the purpose of entertainment.

28. Film
The film Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner, by Inuit filmmaker Zacharias Kunuk, was shown in theaters around the world and received the award for “best first feature film” at the Cannes Film Festival in 2001.

29. Glass Art
A sculpture entitled “Wolf Crest Hat,” by Preston Singletary, a Native American glass artist.