1. Origins of Scientific Revolution:
Renaissance scholars re-discovered science of the Classical Age
Age of Exploration- greater need for knowledge
Humanism encouraged questioning and testing of accepted knowledge
Discipline Classical Scientist
Physics Aristotle
Astronomy Ptolemy
Anatomy Galen

2. Nicholas Copernicus
Polish
Heliocentric Theory

3. Copernicus
Commissioned by the church
Could not prove theory
Published Concerning the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies
Book was placed on the Index
G. Bruno burned at the stake for supporting Copernicus

4. Tycho Brahe 1546-1601 Imperial Mathematician for HRE
Godfather of Astronomy
Teaches Kepler

5. Tycho Brahe
Lost his nose in a duel
Built Europe’s most modern astronomical laboratory
Collected detailed data on the positions of stars and planets
Discovered a new star and a comet
Demanded further proof for Copernicus’ ideas

6. - Imperial Mathematician for HRE - planetary motion in an ellipse
Johannes Kepler
German
- Imperial Mathematician for HRE
- planetary motion in an ellipse

7. Johannes Kepler
Assistant to Tycho Brahe, inherited his star charts
Interested in proving Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
Three laws of planetary motion- planets move in elliptical orbits
Published Epitome of Copernican Astronomy
Placed on Index of Forbidden Books

8. Italian Prof. Of Mathematics House Arrest by Church for 9 years
Galileo Galilei
Italian Prof. Of Mathematics
Invents telescope
Supports Copernicus
House Arrest by Church for 9 years

9. Galileo Galilei
Used telescope to confirm work of Copernicus and Kepler by observation
Published Starry Messenger
Brought before Inquisition
Published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World in Italian so it reached a wide audience
Brought before Inquisition again at age 70. Forced to recant. Lived under house arrest for the rest of his life

10. Biblical Scripture Used Against Galileo
Psalms 104:5 – “You have set the Earth firmly on its foundations, and it will never be moved.”
Ecclesiastes 1:4-5 – “Generations come and generations go, but the world stays just the same. The sun rises, and it still goes down, going wearily to where it must start all over again.

14. Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence- Michelangelo, Galileo, Dante, Machiavelli

15. Michelangelo

16. Dante

17. Galileo

18. Francis Bacon ( ) First philosopher to argue that science can improve society. Scientific Method Inductive Reasoning Father of Empiricism
Scientific Method, Inductive Reasoning, Father of Empiricism

19. In March 1626, Bacon conducted an experiment to see how long a dead chicken could be preserved by stuffing it with snow. After spending time outdoors, he caught cold and died due to complications arising from bronchitis, on April 9, 1626.

20. Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) - Cartesian doubt
- God exists and it can be proven through reason
Founder of Analytic Geometry
- Deductive Reasoning

21. Theory of Probabilities
Blaise Pascal ( )
mathematician
Theory of Probabilities
Deductive reasoning

22. "If you believe, and God exists, you gain everything
"If you believe, and God exists, you gain everything. If you disbelieve, and God exists, you lose everything.“
- Pascal’s Wager

23. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) English
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Calculus
Laws of Motion
Absence of force, motion continues in a straight line
Rate of change of motion determined by forces acting on it
Action and reaction of two bodies are equal and opposite

24. Critiqued ancient texts in medicine, science and theology
Used observation of nature rather than ancient writings.
1st to say some diseases had psychological causes
Paracelsus (Philippus von Hohenheim)
Swiss

25. Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564 Belgian Doctor to Charles V
Founder of modern human anatomy
Wrote- On the Fabric of the Human Body

26. William Harvey 1578-1657 London
                      
1st to describe the circulation of blood

29. Women in the Scientific Rev
Humanist ideas gave women some new opportunities
Participation was informal
Noblewomen in France and England
Craft production in Germany- entomology and astronomy

30. Margaret Cavendish- Scientific debater- Excluded from membership in Royal Society
Maria Merian- Metamorphosis of Insects of Surinam
Maria Winkelmann- astronomer- educated by her father, discovered a comet, denied position as astronomer by Berlin Society

31. Querelles des Femmes
Arguments about women
Traditional view- Adam and Eve
Women argued they were just as capable as men- needed education
Scientific Revolution
Did not improve status of women
Used to “prove” male superiority
Small head/large pelvis
Professionalization of traditional female occupations drove women out- example- midwifery