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Slavery
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Origins of Human Ownership
Indentured Servitude Origins of Human Ownership
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Jamestown Also, New England Tobacco boom, 1617 – 1630 Cost vs. Benefit
Planters Servants Abuse & Exploitation Social mobility
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Decline Tobacco Bust, 1630 – 1660 Competition Delaware Valley
British military
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Rise of Slavery
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West Indies Sugar Triangle Trade English Economy
Natural Rate of Increase
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Triangle Trade
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South Carolina Rice Similar to West Indies Demographics Malaria
80% slave 20% white Malaria Sickle-cell anemia Natural Rate of Increase
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Chesapeake 1740 Tobacco Treatment of slaves Natural Rate of Increase
Africans: 40% of the population Tobacco Treatment of slaves Natural Rate of Increase Why the variation?
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New England & Mid Atlantic
Far less New York City Puritanical views Quaker views
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Middle Passage Death rate: 14% Dysentery Dehydration
Uprisings & Revolts 1 in 10 Middle Passage Film
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West Indies & S. Carolina
Treatment West Indies & S. Carolina Chesapeake Intensive labor crops Harsh treatment Nat’l Rate of Increase Constant Influx Less Intensive crops Not as harsh Nat’l Rate of Increase Birth rate: 1750
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Social Effects
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Early Social Norms Christian superiority to Paganism
Black Freedom (Chesapeake) Interracial marriage Black ownership of slaves/servants
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Race 1705, Whipping white servants prohibited
Not extended to black servants White ex-servants: 50 acres Prohibition of English and African Sexual Intercourse Outlawed: Blacks owning guns Blacks owning English servants
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Tyranny T. Jefferson George Mason
Each generation “nursed, educated and daily exercised in tyranny. [B]etween master and slave is a perpetual exercise of… despotism on the one part and degrading submission on the other.” George Mason “Every master is born a petty tyrant.”
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Slave Response Fled to frontier Bartering w/ masters Slowdowns
Revolts & Uprisings Kill masters/overseers
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Stono Rebellion Largest slave uprising South Carolina, 1739
Stono River War of Jenkins’ Ear Spanish promises to slaves White militia victory
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The Creation of a Southern Slave SocietyA
Enslaved Blacks & Wealthy Whites
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Plantations as Slave Communities
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Ethnic Diversity
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Language Unifying factor English French Gullah Creole
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Kinship & Marriage Unifying factor Stable families
Generational continuity In which colonies would this happen? In which would this not happen?
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Wealthy Landowing Elites
White Gentry Wealthy Landowing Elites
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Elites Very few families Yeomen farmers as collaborators
Carter Lee Randolph Robinson Yeomen farmers as collaborators Aristocratic control
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Culture The English Aristocratic Model Behavior Architecture Education
Gentile Women
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