1. Cell Respiration

2. Energy from ATP: Chemical Energy from organic molecules used
Plants make sugars to use as source of chemical energy
Animals eat food to get organic molecules as a source of chemical energy
Cellular Respiration releases energy from organic molecules slowly through a step-by-step process so it can be used to make ATP

3. Glycolysis: First step BREAKING GLUCOSE in the cytoplasm (p. 229)
2 ATP drop off their high energy phosphates onto glucose unstable and high energy
Glucose breaks in half to make 2 PGAL (G3P)
PGAL is converted to Pyruvate
H are pulled off the PGAL (G3P)
Phosphates are pulled off the PGAL

4. PGAL is converted to Pyruvate:
H are pulled off the PGAL
NAD+ carries them away
Breaking the bonds that hold H gives off some energy to put a phosphate on to ADP
Phosphates are pulled off the PGAL
Phosphates are put onto ADP ATP
Each PGAL makes 2 ATP so each glucose makes 4 ATP
2 ATP used so net gain is 2 ATP
2 NADH2/Glucose carry H into mitochondria
2 pyruvate sent into mitochondria

5. Overall Glycolysis Reaction
Glycolysis Requires
Produces
1 Glucose
2 3GP  2 Pyruvate
2 ATP
4 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH2
**in order for glycolysis to continue the H must be dropped off and NAD+ must come back. (happens in the first step of Kreb’s Cycle)

6. An-aerobic Metabolism: without oxygen
Fermentation=anaerobic metabolism

7. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation: (Animals)
NADH drops off H onto pyruvate
NAD goes back to keep gylycolysis running
Pyruvate becomes lactic acid when the H is added to it.

8. Alcohol Fermentation:
Pyruvate converted to alcohol +CO2 as NADH drops off hydrogen
NAD+ returns to continue glycolysis
Done by yeast and bacteria

9. Aerobic Respiration=with oxygen in mitochondria
NADH drops off H at mitochondria
NAD+ returns to keep glycolysis going

10. Krebs Cycle: inside the mitochondria
NADH drops off the H at the outer membrane of the mitochondria
NAD returns to continue glycolysis
The H diffuses into the inter membrane space

11. Krebs Cycle: inside the mitochondria
Pyruvate diffuses into the matrix of the mitochondria where it is stripped of H and CO2
H is added to NAD inside the matrix to form NADH that transports the H to the E-chain
CO2 is released from the cell through diffusion
Breaking the bonds releases energy forming 2 ATP
NET GAIN: 2 ATP, NADH for the chain, CO2

12. Electron Transport Chain: in the inner mitochondrial membrane
NADH drops off H to an electron acceptor that takes the E through the chain, forming a H+ in the matrix
The H+ diffuses through a protein channel into the inter-membrane space forming a high concentration of H+.

13. Electron Transport Chain: in the inner mitochondrial membrane
H+ diffuses through an ATPase channel creating ATP
The H+ bonds with the electron from the chain forming a hydrogen atom inside the matrix
The hydrogen bonds with an O2 that has diffused into the matrix and forms water
Water leaves the cell through osmosis
NET GAIN: 32 ATP, CO2, H2O

14. OVERALL REACTION: One glucose molecule + H2O + O2=
2 ATP from Glycolysis
2 ATP from Krebs Cycle
CO2 released from the cell
32 ATP from E-transport Chain
H2O released from the cell