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Introduction
Chapter Introduction
This chapter will introduce you to Early North and South America. You will learn about the history and culture of groups who lived in early North and South America.
Section 1: The Incas
Section 2: North American Cultures

2. Academic Vocabulary distribute—v., to give out
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The Incas
Academic Vocabulary
distribute—v., to give out
The Red Cross will distribute food and water to the refugees.
mortar—n., a cement mixture used to hold bricks together
The workman spread mortar on each layer of bricks.
Have students use the Academic Vocabulary or high-use words to review terms they may encounter in the section. If students are unfamiliar with the terms, have them read the definitions and practice by using the terms in sentences.

3. Key Ideas The geography of the Andes shaped Incan civilization.
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The Incas
Key Ideas
The geography of the Andes shaped Incan civilization.
The Incas had a highly organized government and society.

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The Incas
Key Ideas
The Incas’ achievements in government, engineering, and the arts place them among the world’s great civilizations.

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The Incas
Key Terms
Andes—a mountain range along the western edge of South America
terrace—a strip of level land that is
planted with crops
quipu—a record-keeping device made of
knotted string
Students should use the Word Wise feature for Section 1 of Early North and South America in their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

6. Key Terms hierarchy—a system for ranking members
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The Incas
Key Terms
hierarchy—a system for ranking members
of a group according to their importance
allyu—a group of related families that
pooled resources to meet people’s needs
mita system—a system of paying taxes with
labor
Students should use the Word Wise feature for Section 1 of Early North and South America in their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

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The Incas
Living in the Andes
The Incas and others before them lived in the Andes mountain range. The Andes region is harsh.
• The Andes climate is cold.
• The mountain slopes are rocky and steep.
• Thin air at high elevations makes breathing difficult.
Explain that other Andean civilizations had preceded that of the Incas. However, the Incan civilization was the most complex and long-lasting.

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The Incas
Food Sources
The Andean peoples raised crops along rivers. They also cut terraces into the hillsides to raise food.
The Andeans hunted and fished.
The Andeans raised llamas for meat and for use as pack animals.

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The Incas
Incan Architecture
The Incas used huge blocks of stone for building. They cut the blocks to fit together perfectly.
The Incan road system stretched more than 15,000 miles.
The Incas built floating and hanging bridges.

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The Incas
Incan Arts and Crafts
The Incas used gold and silver to create jewelry, dishes, statues, and wall decorations.
The Incas wove textiles out of cotton, alpaca, and vicuña. The textiles had complex patterns and bright colors.
Alpaca and vicuña are animals related to the camel.

11. Incan Science The Incas were skilled astronomers.
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The Incas
Incan Science
The Incas were skilled astronomers.
Incan astronomers used their knowledge to develop calendars.

12. The Economy of the Incas
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The Incas
The Economy of the Incas
The Incas did not use money. Their economy was based on labor.
Incan society was organized into ayllus, or groups of related families.
Ayllu members worked one third of their land to pay taxes. This system was called the mita system.
Explain that one of the remaining thirds of an ayllu's land was for the priests and gods. The other third was for the people.

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North American Cultures
Academic Vocabulary
complex—adj., having many parts, advanced The hospital’s equipment was very complex.
distinct—adj., separate, diverse
Each team member had distinct strengths unlike any other’s.
Have students use the Academic Vocabulary or high-use words to review terms they may encounter in the section. If they are unfamiliar with the words, have them read the definitions and practice the terms by using them in sentences.

14. Academic Vocabulary available—adj., able to be reached
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North American Cultures
Academic Vocabulary
available—adj., able to be reached
The dinner special was no longer available
because it had sold out.
Have students use the Academic Vocabulary or high-use words to review terms they may encounter in the section. If students are unfamiliar with the terms, have them read the definitions and practice by using the terms in sentences.

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North American Cultures
Key Ideas
Much of our knowledge of early North American cultures comes from the archaeological evidence they left behind.
Native American cultures were shaped by where people lived.

16. Key Ideas There were many diverse native cultures in North America.
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North American Cultures
Key Ideas
There were many diverse native cultures in North America.

17. Key Terms artifact—an object someone makes
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North American Cultures
Key Terms
artifact—an object someone makes
drought—a period of little or no rain
wigwam—a round home formed by bending
trunks of young trees and tying them together
longhouse—a home similar to a wigwam, but
rectangular in shape
Students should use the Word Wise feature for Section 2 of Early North and South America in their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

18. Key Terms tepee—a portable, cone-shaped home
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North American Cultures
Key Terms
tepee—a portable, cone-shaped home
igloo—a domed house made from blocks of
snow
potlatch—a ceremony in which a wealthy and
high-ranking family offers a feast and gifts to
guests
Students should use the Word Wise feature for Section 2 of Early North and South America in their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

19. Early North American Cultures
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North American Cultures
Early North American Cultures
The first people to settle the Americas came from Asia more than 15,000 years ago.
Early peoples of North America did not leave written records.
Scientists study artifacts to learn about these early cultures.
Review the key term artifact and have students name examples, such as jewelry, pottery, and tools.

20. The Ancestral Pueblo People
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North American Cultures
The Ancestral Pueblo People
Several groups called the Ancestral Pueblo settled in what became the southwestern United States.
Archaeologists also call these people the Anasazi.
Long droughts caused the Ancestral Pueblo to move farther south.
Review the key term drought. Ask students to draw conclusions about why a drought would cause a culture to move. See the subhead The Ancestral Pueblo for additional information on the culture.

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North American Cultures
The Mississippians
The Mississippians were an early culture that arose in the Mississippi River valley.
• Corn was their most important crop.
• Cahokia was the largest Mississippian town.
• The Mississippians were mound builders.
Explain that the Mississippians and the Ancestral Pueblo cultures both reached a peak between 1000 and See the subhead The Mississippians and the Enrichment worksheet Cahokia, Seat of Power, for a more complete description of this mound building culture. Point out the map Early North Americans and have students locate the two early culture regions.
Historians describe later native North American groups according to ten culture areas or regions. These are described in this section and are shown on the Closer Look map.

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North American Cultures
The Iroquois League
Formed in the 1500s by five native American groups in what is now New York State
Created the Constitution of the Five Nations
Promoted peace among its members
Have students visit myworldhistory.com to learn more about the Five Nations.