1. UNIT 5 CELLULAR ENERGETICS Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
Heterotrophs vs. Autotrophs
ATP Structure and Function
Cellular Respiration
Equation
Mitochondria Structure
Stage 1: Glycolysis
Stage 2: Krebs Cycle
Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain
Amount of ATP produced
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Photosynthesis
Equation
Chloroplast Structure
Stage 1: Light Absorption
Stage 2: Electron Transport Chain
Stage 3: Calvin Cycle
Light Dependent vs. Light Independent
Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

3. ENERGY EQ: Why does the cell need ATP?

4. Life depends
on sunlight

5. Energy =
the ability to do work
makes
eats
“Food Chain”

6. Heterotrophs = organisms that “eat”
their food

7. Autotrophs =
Organisms that make their own food (sun)

8. Energy Pyramid Herbivores Carnivores Secondary Consumers Omnivores
Primary Consumers
Producers

9. Energy Pathway?
Food 
Broken down 
 ?
 Delivered

10. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
Nitrogen Base
“Adenosine”
Biomolecule?
3-P’s
Nucleotide
with 2 extra P groups
Sugar

11. Extra P groups unstable
ATP
ADP + P
Bonds broken = release energy

13. EQ: How does the cell break down glucose to release ATP?
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
EQ: How does the cell break down glucose to release ATP?

14. RESPIRATION = process by which sugar is broken down
to release energy (ATP).

15. Work requires
energy
Where get energy?
“EAT FOOD”

16. Hence, we are called?
Heterotrophs

17. Respiration is also performed by Autotrophs.
They make it
then break it
In fact, all living organisms carry out cellular respiration.

18.  Cells Food broken down into smaller particles Which system?
“metabolism”
Where to?
Intestine  Blood  Muscle
 Cells

19. ORGANELLE?
Mitochondria

20. Chemical Equation for Respiration
Reactants  Products
Word Formula:
Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen 
ATP + Carbon Dioxide + Water

21. Chemical Formula:
Heat
C6H12O6 +
6O2 
6CO2 +
6H2O
+ (36)ATP
Cell Respiration (aerobic) is completed in 3 Stages:
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

22. Respiration can occur WITHOUT oxygen being present!
Just produces less ATP. 

23. AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION

24. Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H12O6) Glycolysis ATP
(no O2 present) Fermentation *Anaerobic*
(O2 present) Oxidative Respiration *Aerobic*
Step One
Step Two
depends on whether Oxygen is present or not
Occurs in the cytoplasm
NADH
Starts with glucose.
Make sure to explain that ATP is used to start reaction. Glucose is broken down in half, hydrogens are broken off (energy is produced) and glucose is turned into pyruvic acid.
The type of respiration that occurs depends on the presence of oxygen. 24

26. Stage One:
“Glycolysis”
Occurs in the Cytoplasm

27. One 6 carbon (glucose)  2 ATP  4 ATP Two 3 carbon molecules
Electron carrier
Two 3 carbon molecules
(pyruvate)

28. Respiration Formulas AEROBIC RESPIRATION
(Respiration in the presence of oxygen)
OXIDATIVE Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP
glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + 36 ATP 28

31. Pyruvate + Oxygen  ATP + Water + CO2

32. Stage 2:
“Krebs Cycle”
Mitochondria
Pyruvate  NADH, FADH2, ATP

33. 3-C  2-C CO2 released Pyruvate  Mitochondria  Acetyl CoA  Matrix
Enzyme assisted
3-C  2-C
CO2 released

34. Energy  NADH and FADH2 Each Pyruvate Electron carrier

35. Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain
High energy electrons (NADH and FADH2)  ATP
H+ diffuse through protein
synthesize ATP
e- and H+
combine with 02
 H2O
e- from NADH
pump H+ out
Majority

36. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Autotrophs = process of trapping energy from sunlight
EQ: How is sunlight used to create glucose?
Autotrophs
= process of trapping energy from sunlight
and using it to build sugars.

37. Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis
Sunlight + Carbon Dioxide + Water 
Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen

38. 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Light + Light Energy Sugars + O2 CO2 + H2O
Chloroplast

39. Leaves
Stem

41. 2. Light Independent Cycle (Calvin Cycle)
2 Steps
1. Light Dependent Cycle
2. Light Independent Cycle (Calvin Cycle) 2

42. Light Absorption
Occurs in chlorophyll in Thylakoids

43. EQ: Why do we see colors?
Pigments (chlorophyll a & b) absorb wavelengths of light. The wavelengths not absorbed are reflected as color that we see.
yellow
blue
Pigments absorb wavelengths of light. The wavelengths not absorbed are reflected. The colors we see are the reflected wavelengths.
The visible spectrum are the wavelengths that can be reflected.
Plants absorb most of the energy from the wavelengths at the 2 ends of the spectrum.
What colors of light would a plant with purple leaves absorb? all colors except violet.
red
green
orange 44

44. Weakest
Strongest
ROY G BIV

45. Pigments = Chlorophyll a and b Uses Most? = Blue and Red Uses Least?
= Green and Yellow

46. Carotenoids

48. Photosynthesis 2 Phases/Steps: Light cycle (light-dependent)
Calvin cycle (light-independent)
Light Reaction
Dark Reaction
There are two main steps to photosynthesis: the light and the dark reactions. The light reaction occurs in the grana and must have light to occur. The dark reaction was discovered by Melvin Calvin. The dark reaction occurs in the stroma. Contrary to its name, it can occur in the dark and the light. 55

49. Who was Calvin anyway?
A member of the faculty at UC Berkeley since 1937, Melvin Calvin received the 1961 Nobel prize in chemistry for identifying the path of carbon in photosynthesis.
The cycle of reactions in the dark phase of photosynthesis was named after him for his work in identifying the processes taking place. 56

50. Photosynthesis Light cycle: Occurs in the grana (where chlorophyll is)
Requires light
light
LIGHT REACTION
Dark Reaction
Light Reaction
Dark Reaction
There are two main steps to photosynthesis: the light and the dark reactions. The light reaction occurs in the grana and must have light to occur. The dark reaction was discovered by Melvin Calvin. The dark reaction occurs in the stroma. Contrary to its name, it can occur in the dark and the light.
grana
(chlorophyll) 57

51. Part 1: Light Cycle (4 steps)
1. light energy is absorbed with the chlorophyll
H2O O2 H
ENERGY O H2
NADP  NADPH
How does
the O2 leave
the leaf?
2. water is split into H and O2 by the light energy
4. H given to NADP for the Calvin cycle -> becomes NADPH
Sunlight energy is trapped in the chlorophyll. That energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen leaves the plant through the stoma. You can refer back to the diagram of the leaf.
3. O2 is released 58

52.  Photosynthesis Calvin cycle Occurs in the stroma
Occurs in the light and dark 
Light Reaction
DARK REACTION
Light Reaction
Dark Reaction
There are two main steps to photosynthesis: the light and the dark reactions. The light reaction occurs in the grana and must have light to occur. The dark reaction was discovered by Melvin Calvin. The dark reaction occurs in the stroma. Contrary to its name, it can occur in the dark and the light.
stroma
(liquid) 59

53. Part 2: Calvin Cycle + CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 C6H12O6 H CO2 H H
3. The reactants H and CO2 combine
1. H (hydrogen) from NADPH is removed (NADP returns to the light cycle).
CO2
CO2
4. Glucose is produced
2. CO2 enters the chloroplast
CO2
CO2
C6H12O6 H +
CO2
The hydrogen from the light reactions combine with carbon dioxide to form glucose.
Carbon dioxide enters the plant through the stoma.
Plants like potatoes and lettuce store sugars as complex carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose. H H
How does CO2 enter the plant? 60

54. Photosynthesis Review
Light cycle: H2O H2 + O
Calvin cycle: H + CO C6H12O6 O2
Light Cycle
Calvin Cycle
H2O
Photosynthesis Review
Light reactions: H2O split into H2 + O
Dark reactions: H + CO2 = C6H12O6
C6H12O6
chlorophyll
CO2 61

55. And another way to look at it…….

56. ATP NADPH Step 1 “Light Dependent” Water Light Light- Dependent
Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview
Step 1
“Light Dependent”
Light Energy Converted
to Chemical Energy
Water
Light
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
ATP
NADPH O2
Light + Water  ATP + NADPH + Oxygen
Go to Section:

57. NADP+ ADP + P Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH Step 2
Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview
Step 2
“Light Independent” or Calvin Cycle
CO2
NADP+
ADP + P
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Sugar!!!
Go to Section:
ATP + NADPH + CO2  Sugar + NADP+ + (ADP +P)

58. NADP+ ADP + P Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH CO2 Water Light Light- Dependent
Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview
Water
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Sugar!!! O2
Go to Section:

59. PHOTO vs. RESPIRATION “Circle of Life” What have in common?
End products of Photosynthesis
Beginning products of Respiration
“Circle of Life”