1. Introduction of EEG for non-epileptologists working in seizure prediction and dynamics

2. 1. EEG source cortical pyramidal cells
voltage fluctuations in space/time
summated EPSPs/IPSPs
dependent on neural “synchrony”

3. 2. EEG Oscillations Normal Abnormal
(alpha, beta, mu, gamma, sleep spindles/delta)
generated in cortex
varying degrees of thalamocortical interdependence
Abnormal
(seizures, burst-suppression)

4. 3. EEG sharp transients Normal Abnormal
Vertex sharp waves, positive occipital sharp transients of sleep (POSTS), benign epileptiform transients of sleep (BETS) or small sharp spikes; eye blinks, EKG, EMG
Abnormal
Epileptiform spikes, polyspikes, spike and waves, sharp waves, sharp and slow waves
Periodic complexes (lateralized and generalized), triphasic waves

5. International (10-20) Electrode Placement

7. Gloor, J Clin Neurophysiol, 1985

8. Gloor, J Clin Neurophysiol, 1985

9. Gloor, J Clin Neurophysiol, 1985

10. Pedley and Traub. In: Daly and Pedley, eds
Pedley and Traub. In: Daly and Pedley, eds. Current Practice of Clinical EEG, 1990

11. Pedley and Traub. In: Daly and Pedley, eds
Pedley and Traub. In: Daly and Pedley, eds. Current Practice of Clinical EEG, 1990

14. Steriade. In: Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, eds
Steriade. In: Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, eds. Electroencephalography, 1993

15. EEG Waves Samples

16. Subject awake, resting. Normal posterior alpha rhythm disappears with eye opening (*).
High frequency activity at end of figure after eye opening is muscle artifact. Anterior-posterior bipolar montage. LFF 0.5 Hz, HFF 70 Hz, this and all other figures.

17. Stage II sleep. K-complex (. ); Sleep spindles (. )
Stage II sleep. K-complex (*); Sleep spindles (**). Anterior-posterior bipolar montage.

18. Burst of generalized 3 Hz spike and wave activity (. )
Burst of generalized 3 Hz spike and wave activity (*). Primary generalized epilepsy. Anterior-posterior bipolar montage.

19. bilaterally synchronous, 3 Hz spike and wave activity in a different Generalizedpatient with primary generalized epilepsy. Referential montage; reference = linked ears.

20. Primary generalized epilepsy: spike and wave bursts Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
Generalized, bilaterally synchronous bursts of spike and wave activity in another patient with primary generalized epilepsy, subtype juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Referential montage; reference = linked ears.

21. Primary generalized epilepsy: transition to tonic-clonic seizure Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
In this condition, bursts of spike and wave activity increase in frequency in the morning hours after awakening in a true “pre-ictal period” that may – or may not – result in a transition to a generalized tonic-clonic seizure.

22. Primary generalized epilepsy: transition to tonic-clonic seizure High amplitude “hypersynchrony”
Same seizure transition as previous figure, shown here at slower sweep speed.

23. Bilateral temporal lobe (“focal”, “partial”) interictal epileptiform activity.
Independent sharp and slow wave complexes over right (*) and left (**) anterior-mid temporal regions.
Temporal lobe epilepsy. Anterior-posterior bipolar montage.

24. Ictal EEG showing focal rhythmic seizure pattern localized to right temporal region (“equipotentiality” at F8-T4). Temporal lobe epilepsy. Anterior-posterior bipolar montage.

25. Patient with bilateral hippocampal sclerosis, global developmental delay, medically-refractory complex partial seizures
Interictal EEG during drowsiness in a different patient showing unilateral right anterior temporal lobe spikes (“phase reversing” at Zg2, F8, F10)

26. Patient with bilateral hippocampal sclerosis, global developmental delay, medically-refractory complex partial seizures
Ictal EEG showing unilateral right temporal lobe seizure (with “equipotentiality” at Zg2-T4, F8-T4, F10-T10)
(note different sensitivity and time scale compared with preceding, interictal EEG figure from same patient)

27. Artifacts Reference electrodes

28. Why should the non-epileptologist care about artifacts and reference electrodes?
Two examples
EEG studies of beta and gamma oscillations in cognition would appear to have been analyzing mainly muscle artifact
Whitham et al. Clin Neurophysiol 2008;119: and Clin Neurophysiol 2007;118;
The need for a reference electrode in EEG affects phase synchronization studies; resulting amplitude variations influence the phase locking analyses
Guevara et al. Neuroinformatics 2005;3:301-13

29. Eye blink, horizontal eye movements, frontalis and temporalis EMG, lateral rectus EMG, pulse artifacts.
Combined circular and anterior-posterior bipolar montage.

30. Eye blink, horizontal eye movements, frontalis and temporalis EMG, lateral rectus EMG, pulse artifacts.
Referential montage; reference = Pz.

31. Eye blink, horizontal eye movements, frontalis and temporalis EMG, lateral rectus EMG, pulse artifacts.
Referential montage; reference = Fz.

32. Eye blink, horizontal eye movements, frontalis and temporalis EMG, lateral rectus EMG, pulse artifacts.
Referential montage; reference = C3.

33. Eye blink, horizontal eye movements, frontalis and temporalis EMG, lateral rectus EMG, pulse artifacts.
Referential montage; reference = common average (of electrodes F3, F4, T3, C3, C4, T4, T5, P3, P4, T6, O1, O2).

34. Eye blink, horizontal eye movements, frontalis and temporalis EMG, lateral rectus EMG, pulse artifacts.
Referential montage; reference = Laplacian.

35. EEG cannot “see” deep into the brain
Spontaneous activity in, e.g.,
mesial temporal regions,
interhemispheric frontal lobe structures, thalamus
is NOT apparent on scalp EEG

36. Comparison of intracranial interictal epileptiform activity recorded during sleep with simultaneous scalp EEG. Focal spikes in left and right hippocampus (LH and RH), electrode contacts LHD1 and RHD1, show no scalp EEG correlates; more diffuse right temporal spike and wave complexes (RT) apparent at multiple contacts of right temporal depth electrode (RHD1-4) are associated with visible epileptiform potentials on scalp EEG (channels F8, T4). Referential montage; reference = common average electrodes. Top 16 channels = scalp EEG. Channels and = left and right, respectively, temporal depth electrode recordings. Sensitivity = 15μV/mm for scalp EEG, 50 μV/mm for intracranial recordings.

39. Alarcón et al. JNNP 1994;57:
Scalp/FOE or depth/subdural or scalp/subdural/depth
Mesial temporal focal spike voltage gradient ~ 750μV/2.5mm
Estimated depth current dipole 2 nA·m would produce scalp voltage of 0.45μV
A typical 100μV scalp spike would require a mesial temporal focal dipole strength ~ nA·m (an 80 mV hippocampal spike!)
Nayak et al. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115:
Scalp/FOE
Only 9% of temporal spikes seen intracranially visible on scalp w/o averaging

41. * *

42. Comparison of intracranial ictal epileptiform activity recorded during sleep with simultaneous scalp EEG.
Focal electrographic seizure in right hippocampus (rhythmic activity at intracranial depth electrode contact RHD1) has no scalp EEG correlate. Referential montage; reference = common average electrodes. Top 16 channels = scalp EEG. Channels and = left and right, respectively, temporal depth electrode recordings. Sensitivity = 15μV/mm for scalp EEG, 50 μV/mm for intracranial recordings.

43. Intracranial EEG (ECoG)

44. Intracranial EEG of one mesial temporal lobe seizure (continuous recording from top left to bottom right). EEG recorded from a depth electrode contact situated within the right anterior hippocampus in a patient with medically-refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Referential montage, scalp FCz reference.

45. Temporal lobe epilepsy Left regional hippocampal/parahippocampal seizure onset (Intracranial depth electrode recording)

46. Temporal lobe epilepsy Seizure “spread” to right mesial temporal region (Do seizures “spread” or “jump”?)

47. An individual patient may have more than one morphology and/or localization of seizure onset
Next seizures all from same patient, now seizure free >1 year after right anterior temporal lobe resection

48. Five different seizure onsets recorded from intracranial depth electrodes in one patient over 24 hours

49. …Continuation of the five seizures from previous figure

51. Focal onset
Left Hippocampus

52. Regional onset
Left Hippocampus
Parahippocampus

53. Regional onset
Right Uncus
Hippocampus

54. Regional onset
Right Uncus
Hippocampus
“spread” to Generalized

55. Intraoperative ECoG

56. Pre-resection ECoG in a patient with right temporal lobe epilepsy, hippocampal sclerosis and a posterior middle temporal gyrus gliotic lesion.
C1-4 inferior temporal gyrus, C4 anterior. C5-8 middle temporal gyrus, C8 anterior. C11-14 superior temporal gyrus; C1, C5 over lesion, C11
superior to lesion. C14-17 above Sylvian fissure. Propofol bolus given 3 minutes earlier with maximal activation of inferior temporal spikes.

57. ECoG 2 min after bolus of alfentanil: activation of amygdala/hippocampal spikes and suppression of temporal neocortical spikes
ECoG 10 min later: return to pre-activation baseline of amygdala/hippocampal spikes and reappearance of independent temporal neocortical spikes