1. Aerospace System Prototyping and Validation- Lecture 2
304AAE
Aerospace System Prototyping and Validation- Lecture 2
Muhammad Kashif Khan

2. Outline
Main Aerospace Components
Aerospace Design, Development & Certification Cycle
Aerospace Structural Alloys

3. Main Aerospace Components

4. Main Aerospace Components
Fuselage
Wings
Empennage or Tail
Power Plant
Landing Gear or Undercarriage

5. Fuselage
Main body of airplane Pilot & cargo compartments
Generally constructed in two or more sections
Carries accessories and other equipments
Includes numerous access doors, inspection plates, landing wheel wells, and other openings

6. Must be able to resist bending moments
Fuselage
Carry the payload
Must be able to resist bending moments
High structural strength and stiffness
Structural weight must be kept to a minimum

7. Wings Airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage
Main lifting surfaces
Various design size and shape
May be attached at the top, middle, or lower portion of the fuselage- High-wing, mid-wing, and low-wing
The number of wings can also vary

8. Wings Provide lift Consist of two essential parts
The internal wing structure (spars, ribs and stringers)
The external wing structure (Skin)
Ribs give the shape to the wing section, support the skin (prevent buckling) and act to prevent the fuel surging around as the aircraft manoeuvres

9. Empennage Know as tail section Consist of Vertical Stabilizer Rudder
Horizontal Stabilizer 
Elevators

10. Powerplant
Converts chemical energy contains in the fuel to thrust force
Thrust force is essential for moving the airplane forward and producing lift force
With the piston engine, the propeller is used to convert torque at engine shaft to be thrust

11. Landing gear Located underneath of the fuselage with shock strut
Fixed / Retractable
Provides means of landing taxiing
Tri- cycle
Conventional type
Floating gear for seaplane /ski-equipped for ice surface landing etc..

12. Airplane Design and Development & Certification

13. Design Specifications
Design Criteria
Basic Loading
Laboratory Testing
Flight Test Data
Airplane Design
Certification

14. Aerospace Structural Alloys

15. Material used in Airframe
Airframe Materials Properties
High Strength to Weight ratio
Light weight- Corrosion Resistant
Should be non flammable
High quality

16. Aluminium & Titanium Alloys
VERY STRONG – as strong as steel but 45 to 60% lighter
RESISTS CORROSION – more resistant to acids and alkalis
LOW DENSITY – so LIGHT and EASY TO SHAPE
VERY HIGH MELTING POINT 600 to 1800 Deg C.

17. Titanium
Titanium is the 4th most abundant metal on Earth, after aluminium, iron and magnesium but it is VERY EXPENSIVE
Pure titanium costs £8,000 per tonne

18. Aluminium
Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust
Aluminum is strong, lightweight, electrically- and thermally-conductive, and corrosion resistant. These properties can be enhanced through alloying.
Its strength-to-weight ratio makes it attractive in structural applications

19. Strength to Weight Ratio
Ti6Al4V
Al 2024-T351
Melting Point
Ti6Al4V
Al 2024-T351

20. Percentage Elongation
Elastic Modulus
Ti6Al4V
Al 2024-T351
Percentage Elongation
Ti6Al4V
Al 2024-T351

21. Any Questions?