1. Eureka!
The Enlightenment

2. Ideas Move On

3. Enlightenment? 18th century movement Philosophical intellectuals
Favorite word was reason
Apply science to understanding of life

4. Sorry, Had To!

5. John Locke Tabula Rasa: Blank Slate
People were molded by experiences around them
People exposed to correct elements, could create new and better society

6. Wrong Locke

7. Issac Newton World machine Operated through natural law
Felt that if he found natural law to govern the world, he could also use natural law to govern human society

8. Smart Cookie

9. Philosophers Philosophers often had other jobs
Some were writers, professors, and economists
Came from nobility and middle class

10. I’ll Be A Monkey’s Uncle

11. Role of Philosophy Philosophy sought to change the world
Philosophers disagreed often
Each generation was radical
All tried to better society

12. Forget The Tree!

13. Montesquieu Name: Charles-Louis de Secondat
The Spirit of Laws discussed government
Scientific Method to discover natural laws that govern

14. Sorry Montesquieu

15. Montesquieu Deux 3 kinds of government 1) republics 2) despotism
3) monarchies

16. Not This King

17. Montesquieu Trois Separation of Powers System of checks and balances
Prevents one person from having too much power
Best contribution to politics

18. Merci, Montesquieu

19. Voltaire Francois-Marie Arouet Prosperous middle-class
Criticism of Christianity
High religious tolerance
Treatise on Toleration 1763

20. Tolerate Everything

21. Voltaire Deux Deism: 18th century religious movement.
Deism was based on reason and natural law
God created universe which was like a clock

22. Wakey Wakey!

23. Voltaire Trois The clock ran according to natural law
Universe ran without God’s interference

24. Big Universe

25. Denis Diderot Was a writer Father wanted him to be lawyer or priest
Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades
Contained 28 volumes

26. Have You Met Lydia?
YouTube - Lydia the Tattooed Lady

27. Diderot Two
Articles in his book attacked French religious superstition
Called for social, legal, and political reforms
Sold to doctors, clergymen, and teachers

28. Adam Smith
Physiocrat: identify natural economic laws that governed society.
Every man for himself serves the common good

29. Truly Original Idea

30. Smith Two Laissez-faire: let people do what they wish
1776: Wealth of Nations
Government did three things in society

31. Interesting Thought

32. Governmental Functions
Protect society from invasion
Defend citizens from injustice
Keep up certain public works that private individuals alone can not afford

33. No No No!

34. Cesare Beccaria On Crimes and Punishments 1764
Punishments should not be exercises in brutality
Opposed capital punishment

35. Express Lane State

36. Social Contract Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Wandered through Italy and France before Paris
Discourse on the Inequality of Mankind
Enslaved by government

37. Huh?

38. Origins Laws passed to protect property
This caused people to deal with the government constantly
Freedom considered limited

39. I See Said The…

40. Social Contract The Social Contract written in 1762
Society is governed by its general will
“This means nothing less than they will be forced to be free”

41. I’ll Explain, I’ll Explain

42. General Will Like Smith’s Wealth of Nations
The general will represents the best outcome for the entire community.

43. Which One Is Will?

44. Emile Novel form Discusses the education of man.
Rousseau: “Education should foster not restrict, children’s natural instincts.”

45. Coloring Anyone?

46. Rousseau Difference Emotion as well as reason was needed
Women were to learn nurturing and obedience skills for husband and children
Sent his children to orphanage

47. Ah, Such A Happy Picture

48. Women’s Rights Female thinkers began to express views.
Mary Wollstonecraft
A Vindication of the Rights of Women: Found 2 problems with Enligtenment thinkers

49. Yes Master

50. A Woman’s Point
People who said women should obey men, said that the arbitrary power of a monarch over people was wrong.
Said that this was the same as a man’s power over a woman

51. Ha Ha!

52. A Woman’s Point 2 Enlightenment is based on reason
Women have reason as well, thus are equal.
Wants equal rights in education, politics, economy

53. No Escaping Destiny!

54. Enlightenment & Religion
Most Europeans were Christians
90-95% of Catholics went to mass on Easter Sunday
Protestants ruled by state and lacked religious enthusiasm

55. This Is Fun Isn’t It?

56. John Wesley Founded Methodism
Wanted to spread the good news of salvation
Preached in open fields, halls, or cottages
Churches closed doors to him

57. Open the Door Please

58. John Wesley 2 Traveled on horseback Preached 2-3 times per day
Appealed to the lower class
Sermons often converted people

59. Dynamic Preacher

60. John Wesley 3 Influenced abolition of slave trade in 1808
Also important in American movement to abolish slavery
Gave lower classes a sense of purpose and community

61. Influential