1. Unit 9 The Age of Revolution
The Enlightenment

2. Absolutism
During the 16th,17th, and 18th centuries European rulers wanted a absolute monarchy, or to control every aspect of society
Absolute Monarchs believed in a divine right, or that they were representative of God only answering to him and not to any of their subjects

3. Monarchs of Europe Spain France Prussia Phillip II Austria
Louis XIV
Austria
Monarchs of Europe
Prussia
France
Maria Theresa
Phillip II
Spain
Fredrick the Great

4. Enlightenment in Europe

5. What was the Enlightenment?
New thinkers were moving away from absolute rule to government power from consent of the govern
The enlightenment was a intellectual “Age of Reason” that stress using logic to solve problems in government, religion economics, and education

6. Thomas Hobbes
English politician who stated people were naturally selfish and wicked, as a result without governments to keep order Hobbes said there would be “war... Of every man against every man”
He expressed his views in a work the Leviathan
He ephasized what he called the social contract, or the idea of society handing over rights to a strong ruler for order and control

7. John Locke
English philosopher who believed that people were born free, equal, and self governing
People had natural rights
Life
Liberty
Property
His essay Two Treaties of Government state the purpose of government was to protect the rights of people or the citizens can overthrow it

8. French Philosophy
Five core concepts to apply reason to all aspects of life
Reason Enlightened Thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason and logical thinking
Nature The philosophers believed that what was natural was also good and reasonable
Happiness The philosophers rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well being on earth
Progress The philosophers stressed that society and humankind could improve
Liberty The Philosophers called for the liberties that the English had won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights

9. “My trade is to say what I think”
Voltaire
French philosopher/writer who wrote 70 books on politics, philosophy, and drama
Used his pen to advocate for reason, tolerance, freedom of belief, and freedom of speech
battled inequality, injustice, and superstition
He detested the slave trade and religious prejudice
“My trade is to say what I think”
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

10. Montesquieu
French writer taught governmental separation of power to protect against tyranny
He broke government into three separate branches
Legislative
Executive
Judicial

11. Jean Jacques Rousseau French writer believed in a direct democracy
Wrote a book titled The Social Contract which differed from Hobbes in that free people and government agree to create order and control

12. Adam Smith & Bonesana Beccaria
Smith argued that the free market should regulate business
Beccaria (BAYK•uh•REE•AH) Italian philosopher believed laws preserve social order
He advocated for a speedy trial and asked for capital punishment to abolished

13. Women and the Enlightenment
Mary Astell published writings that supported opportunities for equality in marriage for women
Mary Wollstonecraft advocated for women’s education

14. Encyclopedia
The wealthy of the enlightenment period would sponsor philosophers in major academic projects
Marie-Thésèe Geoffrin (Zhuh●frehn) finances Denis Diderot (DEE●duh●roh) to create a set of books with sources from leading scholars called an encyclopedia

15. Spread of Enlightenment
European monarchs from Prussia, Austria, and Russia accepted and spread enlightenment ideas
The embraced the enlightenment to strengthen their country and to make their own rule more effective
The enlightenment spread around the world

16. Enlightenment
Influence