1. The Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution

2. Thomas Hobbes
Believed humans were wicked & selfish and Life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish & short”
wrote Leviathan
Social Contract: people gave up rights for strong rulers
in return, they received order & law
believed Absolute Monarchy was best Gov’t
England

3. John Locke Exact opposite of Hobbes
Believed that people had the ability to govern themselves
Favored self government
Each person was born with “Natural” rights: life, liberty & property
Government was to protect those rights - if gov’t failed, the people could overthrow it
Two Treatises on Government
England

4. Voltaire Most famous of the Philosophes
“I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it”.
attacked the clergy, government, & aristocracy
Wrote over 70 plays/books/poems - satirical novella Candide 
France

5. Rousseau Wrote: Social Contract
“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains”
civilization corrupted man’s natural goodness
civilized man destroyed people’s freedom with unjust laws
Wrote: Social Contract
was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and gov’t
ALL people were equal
titles of nobility should be abolished
Rousseau
Switzerland

6. Cesare Beccaria Laws were to preserve social order, not avenge crimes
Against torture & cruel or usual punishments
For speedy trials
punishment should fit crime
abolish capital punishment
gov’t should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people
On Crimes and Punishment
Cesare Beccaria
Italy

7. Baron de Montesquieu France Believed England’s Gov’t was best.
Wrote: On the Spirit of Laws
Power was divided among different parts of their gov’t:
Separation of Powers by branch: executive power, legislative power, judicial power
Checks & Balances: “Power should be a check to power”
France

8. Enlightened Women
Mary Wollstonecraft
Wrote - A Vindication of the Rights of Women
believed women should have same rights as men
England

9. Thomas Jefferson - Virginia
Wrote – The Declaration of Independence
All men are created equal
Inalienable rights – Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness
Gov’t. should be the servant to the people not the master

10. Scientific Revolution

11. Nicolaus Copernicus
Developed the Heliocentric Theory or Sun-Centered Universe
Wrote- On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
His theories challenged the Church’s view of the Earth-centered universe
Poland

12. Johannes Kepler “Cosmographic Mystery” Mathematician/ astronomer
Orbits are Elliptical in shape
Mathematically proved Copernicus’ ideas were correct
Germany
“Cosmographic Mystery”

13. Galileo - Italy

14. Galileo Galilei Came into conflict with Church over his work
Stood trial at an inquisition in Rome, under threat of torture recanted his work.
Improved the telescope
Wrote- The Starry Messenger
Discovered Jupiter had 4 moons
Agreed with Copernicus
Law of falling objects

15. Francis Bacon Rene Descartes “Founders of the Scientific Method
England
Novum Organum
France
Discourse on the Method

17. Sir Isaac Newton - England
Concluded that all objects were affected by the same forces
wrote: Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy
physical laws of motion
Theories of gravity

18. Anders Celsius. Gabriel Fahrenheit Sweden
Anders Celsius Gabriel Fahrenheit Sweden Poland/Netherlands Observations on Determining Philosophical Transactions  the Shape of the Earth of the Royal Society

19. Robert Boyle Ireland The Sceptical Chymist Father of modern Chemistry
Boyle’s Law – The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system

20. Andreas Vesalius Belgium
Founder of Modern Human Anatomy Detailed research on skeletal, muscular and circulatory systems
On the Fabric of the Human Body