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The Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution

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Presentation on theme: "The Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution"— Presentation transcript:

1 The Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution

2 Thomas Hobbes Believed humans were wicked & selfish and Life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish & short” wrote Leviathan Social Contract: people gave up rights for strong rulers in return, they received order & law believed Absolute Monarchy was best Gov’t England

3 John Locke Exact opposite of Hobbes
Believed that people had the ability to govern themselves Favored self government Each person was born with “Natural” rights: life, liberty & property Government was to protect those rights - if gov’t failed, the people could overthrow it Two Treatises on Government England

4 Voltaire Most famous of the Philosophes
“I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it”. attacked the clergy, government, & aristocracy Wrote over 70 plays/books/poems - satirical novella Candide  France

5 Rousseau Wrote: Social Contract
“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains” civilization corrupted man’s natural goodness civilized man destroyed people’s freedom with unjust laws Wrote: Social Contract was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and gov’t ALL people were equal titles of nobility should be abolished Rousseau Switzerland

6 Cesare Beccaria Laws were to preserve social order, not avenge crimes
Against torture & cruel or usual punishments For speedy trials punishment should fit crime abolish capital punishment gov’t should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people On Crimes and Punishment Cesare Beccaria Italy

7 Baron de Montesquieu France Believed England’s Gov’t was best.
Wrote: On the Spirit of Laws Power was divided among different parts of their gov’t: Separation of Powers by branch: executive power, legislative power, judicial power Checks & Balances: “Power should be a check to power” France

8 Enlightened Women Mary Wollstonecraft Wrote - A Vindication of the Rights of Women believed women should have same rights as men England

9 Thomas Jefferson - Virginia
Wrote – The Declaration of Independence All men are created equal Inalienable rights – Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness Gov’t. should be the servant to the people not the master

10 Scientific Revolution

11 Nicolaus Copernicus Developed the Heliocentric Theory or Sun-Centered Universe Wrote- On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies His theories challenged the Church’s view of the Earth-centered universe Poland

12 Johannes Kepler “Cosmographic Mystery” Mathematician/ astronomer
Orbits are Elliptical in shape Mathematically proved Copernicus’ ideas were correct Germany “Cosmographic Mystery”

13 Galileo - Italy

14 Galileo Galilei Came into conflict with Church over his work
Stood trial at an inquisition in Rome, under threat of torture recanted his work. Improved the telescope Wrote- The Starry Messenger Discovered Jupiter had 4 moons Agreed with Copernicus Law of falling objects

15 Francis Bacon Rene Descartes “Founders of the Scientific Method
England Novum Organum France Discourse on the Method

16

17 Sir Isaac Newton - England
Concluded that all objects were affected by the same forces wrote: Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy physical laws of motion Theories of gravity

18 Anders Celsius. Gabriel Fahrenheit Sweden
Anders Celsius Gabriel Fahrenheit Sweden Poland/Netherlands Observations on Determining Philosophical Transactions  the Shape of the Earth of the Royal Society

19 Robert Boyle Ireland The Sceptical Chymist Father of modern Chemistry
Boyle’s Law – The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system

20 Andreas Vesalius Belgium
Founder of Modern Human Anatomy Detailed research on skeletal, muscular and circulatory systems On the Fabric of the Human Body


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