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Atomic Structure
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Democritus (460 -370 BC) “Father of the Atom”
Proposed all matter composed of fundamental particles Named them atoms, from the Greek atomon (indivisible)
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Dalton (1808) Developed an atomic theory based on elements
Elements combine to form compounds Atoms are unchangeable
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Mendeleev (1869) Arranged elements into groups – periodic table
Correctly predicted other elements that must exist to fill gaps in the table Table hints at some inner structure of atoms
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G.J. Stoney (1874) Proposes electricity composed of discrete particles
Eventually names his particle the electron
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J.J. Thomson (1897) Confirms the existence of the electron by studying CRT’s Discovers the electron is a subatomic particle
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Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model
electrons Positive “pudding”
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Rutherford (1911) Probed the structure of atoms in a thin gold foil with positive alpha particles
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Rutherford Scattering
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Rutherford Atom
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Bohr (1922) Developed orbital model of atom that explained the structure of the periodic table
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DeBroglie (1923) Wave-particle duality Electrons form “standing waves”
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Schrödinger and Born (1926)
Wave mechanics and probability interpretation of quantum mechanics Leads to development of quantum theory of the atom – electrons not in orbitals, only “clouds” of probable location
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Gell-Man and Zweig (1964) Hadrons (including protons and neutrons) composed of quarks Leads to the Standard Model
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