1. Classification of Matter
Unit 2

2. Which of the following are examples of matter?
Rock
Water
Carbon dioxide
1 & 2 only
All of the above 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

3. What criteria must be met in order to be matter?
Is Gas Matter?
What about Helium ?

5. Investigation
Without bumping the table, add 1 drop of food coloring to your hot water and 1 drop to your “cold” water. Observe carefully for 1 minute.
Write down your observations, then look again at your beakers and make any further observations
What do you think is different about the hot and cold water that caused this difference?

6. How many phases of matter exist?
One
Two
Three
Four 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

7. Solid Liquid Gas Plasma PHASES OF MATTER
Matter exists in four States (or Phases):
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

9. Solids…. are packed tightly together in an organized pattern
have a definite shape and volume
Particles do not move much, but vibrate in place

10. Liquids….
Particles move freely over one another in an unorganized pattern
Do NOT have definite shape - take shape of container
DO have a definite volume
Particles stay in close contact with each other, but usually less dense than solid

11. What do you think will happen when the solid is dropped in to the liquid?
Methanol
It will Float
It will Sink
It will ‘hang’ midway
Liquid Methanol 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

12. Can you think of an exception to this trend?
We would expect the solid to sink because the particles are more closely packed in a solid than liquid
Solid
Methanol
Can you think of an exception to this trend?

13. Water: Exception to the Rule

14. Liquids…. Do NOT have definite shape - take shape of container
DO have a definite volume (can not be compressed)
Particles stay in close contact with each other, but usually less dense than solid
Particles freely move over one another in an unorganized pattern

15. Gases…. Gas does have mass
Particles are very spread out and move a lot
Do NOT have definite shape - take shape of container
Do NOT have a definite volume - fill volume of container. Can be compressed (volume can be made smaller)
Collisions of particles with wall causes Pressure

16. Animation of Phase Changes

17. Factors affecting Volume of Gas
Change in temperature will change volume.
An increase in temperature will cause an _______ in volume of a gas
Charles Law V1/T1 = V2/T2
Change in pressure will change volume
An increase in the outside pressure will cause a(n) _________ in the volume of a gas.
Boyles’ Law P1V1 = P2V2
increase
Is this a direct or inverse relationship?
decrease
Is this a direct or inverse relationship?

18. What are two ways to increase the pressure in a basketball?
Increase the Amount of Gas
more gas particles means more collisions
Increase the Temperature
Particles move faster, means more collisions
Faster moving particles mean collisions have more force

19. Pressure vs Temperature
At a fixed volume, changing temperature will affect the pressure

20. Pressure vs Temperature
At a fixed volume, changing temperature will affect the pressure
An increase in temperature will cause a(n) _________ in pressure
P1/T1=P2/T2
Finish this sentence… “Increasing the temperature of a gas at fixed volume will cause an increase in pressure because….”
increase
Is this a direct or inverse relationship?

21. Back to our colored water investigation
Let’s share our observations
Write a new explanation to explain why the coloring behaved differently
What was different about your original explanation and your new explanation?

22. Units of Temperature & Air Pressure
When using gas law formulas, all Temperatures must be in Kelvin
Kelvin = °C + 273
Example Room Temp of 25°C = 298K
Units of Standard Air Pressure
1.00 Atmosphere (atm)
760 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
101,325 Pascals (Pa)
29.92 inches of mercury (in Hg)
14.70 psi

23. If the air pressure today is 29.32in Hg what is the pressure in mm Hg?1 2 3 4 5

24. Which of the following is not true of gases?
They have mass
They exert pressure
They have a definite volume
They have large distance between particles. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

25. Which of the following will not cause an increase in pressure?
Adding more gas
Lowering the temperature
Reducing the volume the gas occupies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

26. A gas initially at 2. 0 atm is in an adjustable volume container of 10
A gas initially at 2.0 atm is in an adjustable volume container of 10. L in volume. If the outside pressure is increased to 4.0 atm, what is the new volume?
40.L
20.L
10.L
5.0L 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27. Assuming pressure is held constant, to what volume will a balloon initially at 1.0 L change if its temperature is decreased from 300 K to 75 K?
1.0 L
2.0 L
4.0 L
0.25 L
0.50 L 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

28. Almost all substances can exist as solids, liquids, or gases
The phase will depend on the temperature, pressure, and attractive forces of particles
As substance gains kinetic energy (Temperature), it will change phases
Solid --> Liquid --> Gas --> Plasma

29. Phase Changes Solid Liquid Liquid Gas Solid Gas MELTING FREEZING
EVAPORATION
CONDENSATION
SUBLIMATION
DEPOSITION

30. SUBLIMATION: A phase change that skips the liquid state.

31. Learning Check: True or False

32. All substances can exist in all 3 states
True
False 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

33. The faster gas particles are moving, the more pressure they will exert.
True
False 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

34. Water always boils at 100 degrees C
True
False 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

35. Liquids and solids both have a definite volume
True
False 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

36. All three phases expand or contract with changes in temperature
True
False 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

37. Warm-Up:
Gas Law Info:
V1P1=V2P2
V1/T1 = V2/T2
P1/T1 = P2/T2
A basketball is inflated to a pressure of mm Hg at a temperature of 298K. If the basketball can withstand a pressure kPa before it bursts, what temperature would we need to heat it up to before it blows up? (Assume the volume of the basketball does not change after it was inflated). Put your answer in C.
Standard Air Pressures:
760.0 mm Hg
1.000 atm
101,325 Pa
Temperature
TK = TC + 273
Answer on next slide

38. Warm-Up: Answer: 938 K or 665  C Gas Law Info: V1P1=V2P2
V1/T1 = V2/T2
P1/T1 = P2/T2
Answer: 938 K or 665  C
Standard Air Pressures:
760.0 mm Hg
1.000 atm
101,325 Pa
Temperature
TK = TC + 273

39. Time to Investigate Properties of Gases
Gas Stations Lab
Boyles’ Law Graphing POGIL

40. Element, Compounds, Mix Warm-Up:
Read Page 77 in text and complete Sections 1,2, & 4 on page 3 of Unit 2 Packet.

41. Elements Homogeneous Made of only 1 type of atom
Silver
Oxygen
Carbon
Homogeneous
Made of only 1 type of atom
Simplest form of matter
Can’t be broken down
Pure Substance

42. Compounds Homogeneous 2 or more types of atoms Chemically Bonded
Water
Salt
Sugar
H2O
NaCl
C12H22O11
Homogeneous
2 or more types of atoms Chemically Bonded
Made of only 1 type of Molecule
Pure Substance
Can be separated chemically, not physically
Each substance gains new identity (ex NaCl)
Has a definite ratio

43. Mixtures
Chex Mix
Chili
Kool Aid
Can appear heterogeneous or homogeneous (solutions are homogeneous mixtures)
2 or more types of atoms/molec. Physically Blended -- see pic of all three.
Impure substance
Can be separated physically
Ratio of components not exact
Each Substance maintains its identity
No Magic

44. Your Turn: Which of the following pictures represent:
Pure Elements
Elements made of single atoms
Elements made of molecules
Mixtures
Pure Compounds
Mixture of 2 compounds
Mixture of 2 elements

45. Types of Homogeneous Mixtures: Solutions
A True Homogeneous mixture
All particles are broken down into individual molecules or ions
A beam will light will pass straight through, with no dispersion.
Examples: Saltwater, Kool-Aid

46. Types of Homogeneous Mixtures: Colloidal Suspensions (Colloid)
Appear Homogeneous
Breaks down into small “clumps” of molecules, but not into individual molecules
Examples: mayonnaise, Jell-O, fog, butter and whipped cream
Tyndall Effect – will scatter a beam of light passed through it. (Ex. Light reflecting off dust in the air)

47. Distinguishing Colloids from Solutions: The Tyndall Effect

48. Types of Colloids Gas Liquid Aerosol Solid Foam Emulsion Sol
Dispersing Medium
Dispersed Phase
Name
Examples
Gas
Liquid
Aerosol
Solid
Solid Aerosol
Foam
Emulsion
Sol
Solid Foam
Gel
Solid Sol
Fog, mist
Smoke
Whipped Cream
Mayonnaise
Latex paint
Styrofoam
Jelly, butter
Alloys (steel)

49. Classification of Matter

50. Example: putting iron and sulfur together.

51. SECTION 15-4
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

52. In a physical change, substances change form but not their identities
In a physical change, substances change form but not their identities. In a chemical change, substances change into other substances.
CHANGES OF STATE and DISSOLVING are examples of PHYSICAL changes. In both cases, the substances retain identity.

54. Signs of a Chemical Reaction
Observing any one of the following is an indication that a Chemical Rxn is occurring
Change in Color
Bubbling (a gas is being produced)
Formation of a Precipitate
Change in Temperature

55. METALS vs NONMETALS Shiny Luster Malleable Ductile Conduct Electricity
On left side of staircase of Pd Table
Dull, glassy luster
Brittle
Do not conduct electricity
On right side of staircase of Pd Table

56. Return to Comparison of Metals and NonMetals

57. Common Methods of Separation
Filtration
Distillation
Crystallization
Chromatography
Extraction by Separatory Funnel
Centrifugation
Electrolysis
Physical
Chemical

58. Household Centrifuge

59. Centrifuge
Useful for quickly separating substances with different densities
Examples:
Pulp out of OJ
Fats out of Milk

60. Extraction by Separatory Funnel
Can be used to separate liquids that do not ‘mix’ together
Liquid A
Liquid B

61. Distillation

62. Atom
The smallest piece of an element that still retains the properties of that element.
Return to Elements

63. Molecule
The smallest part of a compound that still retains the properties of the compound.
Made of two or more atoms bonded chemically
Return to Compounds

64. Classification of Matter
Impure Substance
Pure Substances
Back to Mixtures