1. Introduction
Chapter Introduction
This chapter will introduce you to the Reformation. You will learn how a movement to reform the Catholic Church led to the creation of new Protestant churches.
Section 1: The Origins of the Reformation
Section 2: The Counter-Reformation
Section 3: The Reformation Divides Europe

2. What long-term effect did the publishing of the German Bible have?
myStory
Kidnapped!
Why do you think Luther wanted to help ordinary people read the Bible for themselves?
What long-term effect did the publishing of the German Bible have?
As students watch the myStory Video, have them use a graphic organizer like this one to record the causes and effects of Luther’s decision to translate the Bible.

3. Academic Vocabulary temperament—n., a specific person’s way of
The Origins of the Reformation
Academic Vocabulary
temperament—n., a specific person’s way of
behaving and thinking
Margo had a very calm temperament, so she rarely became angry.
doctrine—n., a set of principles or system of belief
The minister taught church doctrine to his congregation.
Tell students to use the Academic Vocabulary or high-use words to review terms they may encounter in the section. If they are unfamiliar with the terms, they can read the definitions and practice by using them in sentences.

4. Key Ideas Martin Luther’s protest against corruption
The Origins of the Reformation
Key Ideas
Martin Luther’s protest against corruption
in the Catholic Church set off the Protestant
Reformation.
John Calvin and other Reformation thinkers
spread Protestant ideas throughout Europe.

5. The Origins of the Reformation
Key Terms
Reformation—a religious movement that gained momentum in the 1500s with the aim of reforming the Catholic Church
indulgence—a kind of cancellation of
punishment for sins that had been confessed and
forgiven by God
recant—to withdraw one’s words
Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Reformation chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

6. Key Terms sect—a subgroup of a major religious group
The Origins of the Reformation
Key Terms
sect—a subgroup of a major religious group
predestination—the idea that God has determined long ago who will gain salvation
theocracy—a government ruled by religious
leaders
Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Reformation chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

7. Who was Martin Luther? He was born in Germany in 1483.
The Origins of the Reformation
Who was Martin Luther?
He was born in Germany in 1483.
As a young man, he became a monk.
In 1510, he visited Rome, the center of the Catholic Church.
He was shocked that the Roman clergy spent so much time raising money and taking part in politics.
Remind students that Luther was a Catholic priest. At the time, the Church held enormous power over people’s lives. His criticism of the Church was, therefore, courageous and dangerous.

8. What problems did Luther see in the Church?
The Origins of the Reformation
What problems did Luther see in the Church?
Church officials seemed more concerned with secular matters than with saving souls.
Many priests were poorly trained. Some Church leaders came to power because of wealth or influence.
Some bishops lived far away from the churches they were supposed to oversee.
The Catholic Church taxed its members. The Church raised money by selling indulgences.
Encourage students to understand Luther’s criticism of the secular aspects of the lives of high-ranking clergy.

9. Luther Writes the 95 Theses
The Origins of the Reformation
Luther Writes the 95 Theses
Refer students to this chart in Section 1 in the Student Edition. Point out the painting of Luther’s trial before the Diet at Worms that accompanies the chart. As a class, discuss what is happening in the painting.

10. John Calvin Spreads Reformation Ideas
The Origins of the Reformation
John Calvin Spreads Reformation Ideas
John Calvin became an important Protestant leader.
His book, Institutes of the Christian Religion, set out basic Protestant beliefs. It influenced many people.
One of Calvin’s beliefs was predestination. He taught that God decides who will gain salvation.
Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. He wanted it to be a “city of God.”
Reinforce students’ understanding of the basic idea of predestination as it relates to personal salvation.

11. Comparing Two Faiths The Origins of the Reformation
Students may also refer to this table in Section 1 of the Student Edition to see the entries more clearly.

12. Translating the Bible Martin Luther translated the Bible into German.
The Origins of the Reformation
Translating the Bible
Martin Luther translated the Bible into German.
During the 1500s, the Bible was also translated into French, Spanish, Italian, and Dutch.
William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English. He began to translate the Old Testament.
The Catholic Church arrested Tyndale. They tried and executed him as a heretic.
Remind students of the role of the printing press in spreading Luther’s ideas through vernacular translation of the Bible in the years following the Reformation.

13. The Counter-Reformation
What’s in a name?
The following words are often used on the news. What do they mean?
counterattack
counterterrorism
If students struggle to define these words, explain that the prefix counter- can mean “opposite” or “opposing.” The Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church’s attempt to oppose the Protestant Reformation.
Use what you know about the words counterattack and counterterrorism to predict what the section title—The Counter-Reformation—means.

14. The Counter-Reformation
Academic Vocabulary
isolation—n., the condition of being alone Hugo lived in isolation after his wife died.
Have students use the Academic Vocabulary or high-use words to review terms they may encounter in the section. If they are unfamiliar with the words, they can read the definitions and practice by using them in sentences.

15. Key Ideas The Jesuits worked to reform and strengthen
The Counter-Reformation
Key Ideas
The Jesuits worked to reform and strengthen
the Catholic Church.
At the Council of Trent, Catholic leaders
discussed ways to end corruption and
reform Church doctrine.

16. Key Terms Counter-Reformation—the movement to
The Counter-Reformation
Key Terms
Counter-Reformation—the movement to
strengthen the teachings and structure of the
Catholic Church
Jesuits—the Society of Jesus, an influential
Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of
Loyola
Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Reformation chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

17. Key Terms Council of Trent—a series of meetings during
The Counter-Reformation
Key Terms
Council of Trent—a series of meetings during
which Catholic leaders sought ways to revive
the moral authority of the Catholic Church and
to stop the spread of Protestantism
ghetto—a separate quarter of a city in which
Jews were required to live and work
Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Reformation chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

18. Reforming the Church The Catholic Church started its own reform
The Counter-Reformation
Reforming the Church
The Catholic Church started its own reform
movement called the Counter-Reformation.
Reformers founded new religious orders.
A former soldier named Ignatius of Loyola founded
the Jesuits, or Society of Jesus.
The Society was organized like a military troop
with strict discipline. Recruits trained for years.

19. Jesuit Missionaries Jesuits like Matteo Ricci spread the Catholic
The Counter-Reformation
Jesuit Missionaries
Jesuits like Matteo Ricci spread the Catholic
faith to Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
Refer students to the student edition feature Jesuits in the World to learn more about Jesuit contributions past and present.

20. A Reforming Nun Teresa of Avila became a nun in Spain.
The Counter-Reformation
A Reforming Nun
Teresa of Avila became a nun in Spain.
She lived a very spiritual life and saw visions
that she said were from God.
Teresa believed that convent life was not strict
enough.
She started her own order of nuns, who lived in
isolation. They dedicated themselves to prayer
and meditation.
Encourage students to think about Teresa’s experience as one example of how Catholics felt a renewal of faith at the time of the Counter-Reformation. Why might this have occurred?

21. The Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Response
The Church held a series of meetings called the Council of Trent to revive the Church and halt the spread of Protestantism.
The Church enforced the Council’s decisions through the Inquisition, a court that tried people accused of heresy.
The Church also published a list of books that people were forbidden to read.
Discuss with students what the Catholic Church sought to achieve by using the Inquisition and the Index of Forbidden Books.

22. Intolerance Grows Both Catholics and Protestants attacked each other.
The Counter-Reformation
Intolerance Grows
Both Catholics and Protestants attacked each other.
Religious anxiety caused a fear of witches. Many innocent people were killed in witch hunts.
In Venice, Jews had to live and work in a separate neighborhood called a ghetto. This practice spread to other parts of Europe.

23. Academic Vocabulary controversial—adj., tending to cause dispute
The Reformation Divides Europe
Academic Vocabulary
controversial—adj., tending to cause dispute
or disagreement
The new movie about the war was controversial.
invalid—adj., without truth or unlawful The woman’s claim to own the property was invalid.
Have students use the Academic Vocabulary or high-use words to review terms they may encounter in the section. If they are unfamiliar with the words, they can read the definitions and practice by using them in sentences.

24. Key Ideas The Reformation sparked conflicts between
The Reformation Divides Europe
Key Ideas
The Reformation sparked conflicts between
Protestant and Catholic regions of Europe.
The Reformation had a long-term impact on
government, society, and economics.

25. Key Terms annulment—an official action canceling a marriage
The Reformation Divides Europe
Key Terms
annulment—an official action canceling a
marriage
Act of Supremacy—a legislative act passed
by Parliament in 1534 making the English
monarch the head of the Church of England
Huguenots—French Protestants
Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Reformation chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

26. Key Terms edict—an official public order made by a
The Reformation Divides Europe
Key Terms
edict—an official public order made by a
king or another authority
armada—a fleet of ships
federalism—a form of government in
which power is shared between local and
national levels
Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Reformation chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

27. Protestant Countries Much of northern Europe became Protestant.
The Reformation Divides Europe
Protestant Countries
Much of northern Europe became Protestant.
Henry VIII of England broke from the Catholic Church to gain an annulment from his first wife. He wanted to remarry and have a son to be his heir.
John Knox spread Calvin’s ideas to Scotland.
Germany was divided, and religious war broke out.
The Peace of Augsburg ended the war. It allowed German rulers to choose religion for their states.

28. Religious Division of Europe
The Reformation Divides Europe
Religious Division of Europe
Have students refer to the map in Section 3 of the Student Edition to see the religious divisions more clearly.

29. The Reformation Divides Europe
Catholic Countries
In Catholic France, many Huguenots were killed in the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Henry IV became Catholic to end conflict. He issued the Edict of Nantes allowing freedom of religion.
Philip II of Spain used the Inquisition to fight Protestantism in the Netherlands. The Dutch rebelled and won independence.
Philip sent an armada to punish England for helping the Dutch. The English navy defeated it.

30. The Thirty Years’ War The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) began as a
The Reformation Divides Europe
The Thirty Years’ War
The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) began as a
religious conflict. The Peace of Westphalia ended the
war. It allowed people to practice their own religions.
Refer students to the Culture Close-Up on Religious Conflict in Europe in their Student Edition for more information.

31. The Reformation Divides Europe
Long-Term Impacts
The Reformation ended the supremacy of the pope and the Catholic Church.
The wars of religion increased the authority of secular rulers.
Some Protestant nations moved toward self-government. John Althusius proposed federalism.
Some scholars believe Protestantism contributed to capitalism and social changes.

32. Legacy of the Reformation
The Reformation Divides Europe
Legacy of the Reformation
Renewal and Reform Luther and Calvin restated the ideas of Jesus. The Catholic Church made reforms too.
Freedom Luther said each Christian had an equal chance of salvation. This suggested people are equal.
Progress The stress on reading the Bible encouraged literacy and education.
Tolerance In time, people accepted different forms of worship. This led to more tolerance in other matters.
Suggest that students read the Closer Look feature in the Student Edition to find more details about each of these points.