1. Significant Foreign Affairs
1) The Far East
The Korean War – Dec 1952 Ike fulfilled campaign pledge to personally “go to Korea” (no progress)
Hinted he would use the atom bomb
An armistice was finally signed
US signs a mutual defense treaty with South Korea

2. UN delegate Lieut. Gen. William K. Harrison, Jr
UN delegate Lieut. Gen. William K. Harrison, Jr. (seated left), and Korean People’s Army and Chinese People’s Volunteers delegate Gen. Nam Il (seated right) signing the Korean War armistice agreement at P’anmunjŏm, Korea, July 27, 1953.

3. Korean DMZ

5. Significant Foreign Affairs (cont’d)
1) The Far East (cont’d)
Indochina (1954) – Geneva Conference
Partitioning creates 4 states
North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos
US does not sign the agreement but gives aid to non-Communist South Vietnam
Sec. of State John Foster Dulles creates SEATO (alliance against Communsm’s spread in Asia)

6. Cold War Alignments 1953

7. French Indochina
Indochina Partitioned

8. Significant Foreign Affairs (cont’d)
2) Atoms for Peace
Established the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
3) The Middle East and the Suez Crisis
Egypt seizes the Canal
Britain, France, and Israel invade 1956
US opposes the invasion
Eisenhower Doctrine: the US pledged to aid any country in the Middle East threatened by Communists
1958: US troops  Lebanon (restore order)

9. The Atoms for Peace program distributed nuclear technology, materials, and know-how to many countries with less advanced research

10. Israeli troops preparing for combat in the Sinai peninsula & miscellaneous images of the Suez Crisis.

11. Significant Foreign Affairs (cont’d)
4) Summit Conferences
Geneva Conference 1955 – US, UK, France, and the USSR meet
Mission was to reduce international tensions (very cordial meeting)
Paris Summit Conference (1960) collapses due to the U-2 Incident
5) Cuba: 1959 Fidel Castro comes to power
Initially recognized by the US
1961: Castro seizes US property - retaliation

13. Khrushchev visits display of U-2 wreckage.

14. Castro in Washington, D.C., arriving at the MATS Terminal

15. Cold War Alignments 1962

17. The Rise of Khrushchev Khrushchev  Premier in 1956 Destalinization
Reformer but – maintained dominance of the Communist Party
Intellectuals allowed some freedom  Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich)
Economy - more consumer goods & decentralized economic planning

19. Destalinization Starts w/ the death of Stalin
Khrushchev cautiously dismantles the apparatus of terror created by Stalin
Needed a more relaxed international climate to carry out internal economic and social reforms
In Eastern Europe Destalinization appeared to promise a return to the policy of “different roads to socialism”
Politicians like Gomulka (Poland) and Kadar (Hungary) released from prison

20. Khrushchev’s Secret Speech of 1956
February 1956: directly attacked the policies of the Stalin years
Twentieth Party Congress  denounced Stalin and his crimes against socialist justice during the purges of the 1930s
Opened the way for internal criticism of the Soviet government
Afterwards - Eastern Europe cautiously moves for reform

21. The Three Crises of 1956 and the “Second Cold War” 1956-1963
1) The Suez Crisis (July 1956)
2) Poland Moves Toward Independent Action
3) The Hungarian Uprising (July – Nov. 1956)

22. 1) The Suez Crisis (July 1956)
USSR build close relations w/ Egypt
US cancels loan for Aswan Dam
Egypt nationalized the canal
29 Oct. thru 5 Nov. – Israel, Britain, and France invade Egypt
US condemns the attack in the UN
5 Nov. – Khrushchev threatens nuclear missile attacks
Cease-fire the following day

24. Israel 1949 & 1956

25. French Paratroopers in Port Said

27. 2) Poland Moves Toward Independent Action
June riots in Poznan over work targets
Polish Communist Party turns to Wladyslaw Gomulka to overcome hostilities
Gomulka gives assurances that Poland would remain loyal to the Warsaw Pact
Khrushchev w/draws troops – situation in Hungary getting worse

28. Wladyslaw Gomulka – (Speech 24 October)

29. 3) The Hungarian Uprising
Late October 1956: street fighting erupts as a result of Hungarian support for Poles
Khrushchev  30,000 troops (tanks & artillery)
New government formed
Imre Nagy – Communist reformer

30. Hungarians in Budapest 1956

31. Imre Nagy

32. 3) The Hungarian Uprising –Nagy Threatens Soviet Power
He went further than Gomulka in his demands
Nagy:
1) Called for the removal of Soviet troops
2) Sought the neutralization of Hungary
3) Announced plans for the withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact
4) Planned to share power with non- Communist groups

33. The Soviet Response Early November: Soviet troops invade Hungary
Deposed Nagy - later executed
Imposed Janos Kadar (loyal to Moscow) as premier

34. The Second Cold War: 1958-1962 The Berlin Crisis 1958-1961
GDR loyal to USSR – but was an artificial state dependent on Moscow & the Red Army
Challenged by a prosperous FRG
Open frontier in Berlin allows escape
Between  1/6 of the population of the GDR fled westwards

35. The Berlin Ultimatum, Nov. 1958
Khrushchev believed he could gain concessions from the West by squeezing West Berlin
Followed by a 6-month ultimatum 
1) demanded the demilitarization of West Berlin
2) withdrawal of Western troops
3) change Berlin’s status  free city
West rejects the ultimatum
Many discussions leading up to the Paris Summit May 1960

36. The U-2 Spy Plane Incident
USSR shot down Gary Powers’ U-2 Spy Plane over Soviet territory prior to the Paris Summit Conference
Khrushchev demanded an apology
Ike accepted full responsibility for the surveillance policy but refused to apologize publicly
Khrushchev refuses to participate in the Paris Summit; Ike’s trip to Moscow & the conference were aborted

38. Powers' trial

39. Why was the Summit Scuttled?
USSR did not cancel it only because of the spy flights (long knew of them)
China accused the USSR of losing its revolutionary zeal
Destroying the summit was a way for the USSR to demonstrate its hard-line toward the capitalist world