1. The History of Ireland

2. What is Nationalism? Belief that one’s county is superior Imperialism
Race
Religion
Laws
Imperialism
Enforcing nationalism on other countries
How might this look in regard to religion?
When do we see nationalism in history?

3. What do we already know? Leprechauns Four-leaf clovers St. Patrick
Religious conflict

4. History of Religious Conflict
Middle Ages
Reformation
France vs Germany
Peace of Augsburg, St Bartholomew’s Massacre, 30 Years War
Tudors
Henry VIII, Mary, Elizabeth I, James I, Charles I
Pilgrims and America
Cromwell
Glorious Revolution
Secular vs Christian
Muslim
Irish conflict 1500’s-2000’s
Middle Ages
Reformation
Wars of the 1600’s (France vs Germany)
Peace of Augsburg: rulers religion become that regions religion in Germany
30 years war: all Europe fought over religion but mostly about small countries gaining independence and keeping continental Europe squabbling so Spain and England could fight over the New World.
French protestants also want legality and fight
St. Bartholomew’s Massacre: Catherine de Medici marries her Italian daughter to a French official (Henri de Navarre) but plots the murder of all protestants on their wedding day
France stays catholic when Henri comes to the throne and changes his mind
Tudors vs Mary
Henry VIII converts to Protestantism when the pope wont let him divorce his wife. Daughter Liz keeps Protestantism going in England.
James I: protestant, mother executed for being catholic (Mary queen of Scotland) and trying to take the English throne (executed by Liz). KJV Saints and sinners left under his reign to Holland.
Charles I: absolute monarch and parliament rebelled, executed by Cromwell for rumors of a Scottish invasion.
Cromwell:
Imposed strict puritan rules. People hated him so much they welcomed back Charles II from exile.
Glorious Revolution
Brother of Charles (James II) tried to be an absolute monarch. Overthrown, exiled without violence and the prince of Holland, William of Orange and his wife reign peacefully.
Secular vs Christian
Muslim
People of Ireland have also been in conflict for 500 years

5. The Earliest People 4th Century mainly consisted of various tribes
never claimed under the Roman Empire
Eventually the tribes established provinces
Each province had:
King (Chief)
Professional jurists who administered laws

6. Saint Patrick’s Early Life
Born in Scotland in 387
At age 16, he was taken captive
Became a Chief’s slave in County Antrim
He learned the Celtic customs and language
After six years he escaped and made his way back to Britain
Began his life as a missionary in the Catholic Church

7. Saint Patrick’s Return to Ireland
Saint Patrick returned to Ireland in the summer of 433
Speaking the native Gaelic, he began converting the natives to Catholicism
He used the shamrock to explain the Catholic belief in the Holy Trinity
Saint Patrick traveled throughout Ireland establishing Churches and spreading his religion
Saint Patrick died on March 17, 493 (461?) in Ireland
There were no snakes!!!!!

8. Vikings Invade Vikings invaded Ireland from the 8th – 10th century
Primarily from Norway and Denmark
They raided monasteries along the coast for:
Goods
Livestock
Slaves
The Viking ships provided a quick and efficient means of attack
Click on the image above for embedded video

9. The Vikings Look to Stay
Eventually the Vikings established trading posts
Limerick, Cork, Waterford, Dublin
The Irish were able to reclaim some cities (Dublin 917)
Over time, the Vikings blended into the Irish culture
Became merchants, seaman, and military allies

10. The English Attack
In the 12th century Anglo-Norman (British) groups began to invade Ireland
In England, pushed Celts into Wales
Needed land for a growing kingdom
Nobility claimed land
The English established their own laws and created a parliament
Countries like Scotland attempted to help remove the English, but the Anglo-Norman numbers continued to grow

11. The English Flex Their Muscles
King Henry VII, 15th century, established strict laws for Ireland under British rule
No traditional Irish laws
Must follow English laws
No assembly of the Irish military
All laws of the Irish Parliament t had to be approved by the King

12. The Question of Religion
Monarchs attempted to transform Ireland from a Catholic country to an Anglican country
Henry VIII
Queen Mary I
Elizabeth
James I
First to unite Scotland and England 1603
Made Peace Treaty with Spain which kicked out the Irish from Ireland
Protestants settle into Ireland and live on plantations

13. Oliver Cromwell English statesman in 1649
Invaded Ireland with his army (10,000 men)
Executed 2,000 Irish in Drogheda
Stormed Wexford
Reclaimed lands in Ireland for the English
Banished Catholic landowners
Gave the land to the Protestant army

14. William of Orange
King James II (1648) was Catholic and tried to make England Catholic. He was exiled.
In 1695, William of Orange (from Holland) was put in his place.

15. Laws to Crush Irish Trade
William of Orange passed the Penal Laws to punish Irish Catholics who wouldn’t convert
The Irish could not export
Cattle
Milk
Butter
Cheese
Wool
Effects of this law?

16. The 1801 Act of Union
Ireland joined Great Britain to form the United Kingdom
Protestant Irish (minority) feared persecution and favored union with Britain.
Protestant English (minority) feared loss of wealth in an uprising
Free trade
Anglican was the official religion of Ireland
Ireland had its own Courts
No Catholics could hold office
Anglos were a minority in Ireland and were protestant. But because England ruled they held supreme authority.
The majority of Irish were Gaelic speaking Catholics. However, some of the Irish were protestants and were ok with British rule as they feared persecution under Irish Catholics. The protestant English were wealthy and worked factory jobs. They would loose wealth in an Irish uprising.
Catholics had to take an oath of supremacy
Oath of supremacy to be involved in government
Recognize the monarch as the head of the church of England
Could not vote,
Teach
Sit on juries
Military
police

17. Life After The Act of Union
Catholics hated the Act
Robert Emmet (1823) led an uprising
Results
Catholics could hold office (1828)
Formation of The Catholic Association
Bad blood continued between the Catholics and Protestants
1845, Potato Blight killed Irish Catholics (most Catholics were farmers)
The blight stalled nationalism for years as it killed off a lot of the majority of the catholic population.

19. Steps to Home Rule and Independence
Home Rule Bill introduced by Britain, in 1910, to give Ireland some limited freedom
Southern Irish (mostly Catholic) supported
Northern Irish, in Ulster, (mostly protestant) rejected
During WWI, the Irish began to want complete freedom
War of Independence
Partitioned into North (with UK) and South (Irish Free State/Ireland/Irish Republic)
Home Rule
Britain passed a Home Rule Bill offering limited autonomy to Ireland.
In the northern province of Ulster, the majority were protestants and favored continued British rule. They formed the Ulster Volunteers (Unionists) and opposed the bill. The Irish Volunteers (nationalists) were created to support home rule.
In September 1914, just as the First World War broke out, the UK Parliament passed the Third Home Rule Act to establish self-government for Ireland, but was suspended for the duration of the war. To ensure Home Rule after WWI, the nationalist leaders supported Ireland’s involvement with the allied powers. Many of the Irish Volunteers were against this but the majority enlisted.
Easter Rising
In 1916, more radical parts of the Irish Volunteers desired complete independence from Britain rather than simple Home Rule. They formed the Sinn Fein Party.
1916 Easter Rising: the radical nationalists staged an uprising in Dublin. Not much support but the British executed leaders and arrested 5,000 members and began to conscripted Irish into the British army (no representation) for WWI. This antagonized Irish.
Continued Home Rule attempts
May 1916 and , Britain again attempted to give autonomy.
But the Irish sides (Nationalist, Unionist) were unable to agree to terms for the temporary or permanent exclusion of Ulster from its provisions.
1919 the majority of the Irish Parliament were now in favor of unifying Ireland (Sinn Fein Party). Declared a 32 county Irish Republic Jan 21.
War of Independence
the new Irish Republican Army refused to negotiate with Britain and waged a guerilla war.
Amid much fighting, the Fourth Government of Ireland Act 1920 was implemented separating Northern Ireland from the south.
July 1921, truce between Irish and British governments.
Ireland was partitioned-26 of the 32 countries received independence.
Created the Irish Free State in Southern Ireland. Ireland in 1937 and Irish Republic in 1948?.
and Northern Ireland remained with the UK with Home Rule.
2,500 deaths totalHouse of Lords of the Kingdom of Ireland (abolished 1800)
House of Commons of the Kingdom of Ireland (abolished 1800)
Leinster House, home of the Ireland's parliament since 1922.
Parliament Buildings (Stormont). Previously home of Parliament. Now used by the Assembly.

20. Civil War in the South
Some southern nationalists wanted the north and south unified- they fought but lost
Religious tension in the South
Majority catholic
Many protestants emigrated out
Protestant houses burned during civil war, considered themselves British, Pope mandated children from “mixed” marriages were catholic
Civil War
Not all in the South were happy with exclusion of 6 countries and civil war occurred between those nationalists who were pro-treaty and those who were anti-treaty (wanting a unified north and south).
The pro-treaty won and tensions still exists today between nationalist groups and UK groups (Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael).
The Southern nationalists also continued to attack northern protestants and southern protestants
Relgious tenstion in the south
Majority catholic
Ruled by the Pope
Conservtive
banned: divorce, contraception, abortion, pornography as well as encouraging the censoring and banning of many books and films. In addition the Church largely controlled the State's hospitals, schools and remained the largest provider of many other social services.
Many protestants emigrated out
Protestant houses burned during civil war, considered themselves British, Pope mandated children from “mixed” marriages were catholic
Became more liberal as Catholic scandals rocked the world in the 90’s and 2000’s

21. Civil War in the North 1921-1972 Protestant Home Rule
Catholics not allowed in government and had bad housing/jobs
Violent uprisings from both Catholics and Protestants
UK rule as solution to violence
90’s Britain, Northern, and Republic of Ireland work together for peace
Tension in the North
For the remainder of the year, fighting continued also in the north between protestant unionists and catholic nationalists.
The 1920 Government of Ireland Bill created the state of Northern Ireland, which consisted of the six northeastern counties of Londonderry, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Antrim, Down and Armagh.[38] 
From 1921 to 1972, Northern Ireland was governed by a Unionist protestant government.
Discrimination against the minority nationalist community in jobs and housing, and their total exclusion from political power led to the emergence of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association in the late 1960s, inspired by Martin Luther King's civil rights movement in the United States of America. The military forces of the Northern Protestants and Northern Catholics (IRA) turned to brutal acts of violence to establish power.
Non-violent protest became an increasingly important factor in mobilizing Catholic sympathies and opinion and thus more effective in generating support than actively violent groups such as the IRA.
The protests weren’t enough and October 1968 a peaceful civil rights march (by catholics) in Derry turned violent as police brutally beat protesters. UK placed troops in Northern Ireland to maintain peace.
The violent outbreaks in the late 1960s encouraged and helped encourage UK troops and Catholic troops as well.
1970’s: Bloody Friday, Bloody Sunday…and other violent acts against catholics.
Direct rule (1972–1999)[edit]
Direct Rule was designed to be a temporary solution until Northern Ireland was capable of governing itself again. And attempts were made to unify all of Ireland but consnenus failed.
In 1986 the British and Irish governments signed the Anglo Irish Agreement signaling a formal partnership in seeking a political solution.. Only in the 1990s, when progress toward peace became tangible, did the economic situation brighten. By then the demographics of Northern Ireland had undergone significant change, and more than 40% of the population was Catholic.

22. Long Road to Peace in the North
1998 Belfast Agreement: gave both Catholics and Protestants a share in government
2005 Some violent Catholic groups declare end to violence
2007 Home Rule returned as rival parties agree to work together
2010 Britain returned police and justice system back
Devolution and direct rule (1999–present)[edit]
1998     Belfast Agreement - Political agreement between Great Britain, Republic of Ireland and the most important groups in Northern Ireland.
Major points: power sharing in a reestablished Northern Irish Parliament, reform of the police, disarmament of all groups, reduction of the British military presence in Northern Ireland.
But power sharing lost from 2002 until 2007
2005 The provisional IRA declare an end to its campaign and decommisions its weapons in accordance with the Belfast Agreement. Some refused however.
2007 Following the electionon in March devolved government was returned to Ireland  in May with DUP (Democratic Unionist Party) leader Ian Paisley and Sinn Fein deputy leader Martin McGuiness taking office as First Minister and Deputy First Minister respectively.
Hillsborough Castel Agreement: police and justice system returned to Northern Ireland