1. Steering System Steers the vessel from side to side
Turns the propulsion unit
Ex.
Water-jet propelled vehicles are steered by changing the direction of the jet nozzles
The stern of the boat will move in the opposite direction of the thrust
Outboard engines are steered the same way
When the engines is rotated, the stern of the boat is pushed in the opposite direction
Engine and water jets can be turned about 45 degrees in either direction

2. Steering System Rudders- A hinged vertical surface on a water vehicle.
Acts to change the direction of water pressure against the vessel
Control the stern of most marine vessels

3. Diving and rising system
Used by submarines and submersibles
Can decrease and increase their buoyancy or weight to control their depth
Submersibles carry weights that pull them down
Specialized compartments that fill with water to equalize pressure
Submarines are constructed with two hulls (inner/outer)
Ballast tanks (space between two hulls)
To dive, the space between is filled with water
Once underwater, propellers, wings, and rudders are used to maneuver the sub.
In order to surface, compressed air pumps the water from between the two hulls.

4. Suspension System
Hulls serve as the suspension system for marine vehicles
keep the vessel afloat
Stabilize vessel in various waters
Stay afloat by moving (displacing) the same amount of water as the ship weighs
Must be designed to adapt to extra weight (people/cargo)
Ship will capsize if weight of ship outweighs the weight of the displaced water
There are 3 types of hulls:
Full displacement hull
Planning hull
Semiplaning hulls

5. Full displacement hulls
Hull that sits low in the water and has the greatest draft.
Very economical and efficient
Draft-
Distance from the waterline to the bottom of the boat
Waterline-
Location at which the water stops along the side of the hull
Hull speed-
The top speed at which hulls become inefficient and dangerous
Figured by measuring the length of the boat at the waterline, finding the square root of the length, and multiplying by 1.34

6. Planning Hull Planning Hull-
hull that rides on top of the water
His no maximum hull speed, low fuel efficiency
Hard to handle and rough in heavy waves
When “on plane” the boat lifts almost completely out of the water
Can travel 2 or 3 times faster than other hulls types

7. Semiplaning Hull Semiplaning hull- Best of both worlds
Hull in which the stern of the boat remains in the water (like a displacement hull)
The bow is raised on top of the water (planing hull)

8. Hulls

9. Basic hull shapes Round hull- Flat hull- V hull- Catamaran- Trihull
Displacement hulls, least stable (can roll in water) use a keel or centerboard for stability
Flat hull-
Planing hulls, stability (increased surface area)
V hull-
Similar to round hull, undersides are flatter, pointed bow leads to a partial V shape in many hulls
Catamaran-
most stable, two hulls in the water placed far apart, do not tip
Trihull
very stable, three hulls in water placed far apart, do not tip

11. Antirolling devices Stability is important aspect of suspension system
Bilge keel-
An extension protruding downward from the centerline of a boat
If the boat starts to lean, it acts as a hydrofoil and pushes against the water in the opposite direction
Fin stabilizers-
Fin located on the side of a ship, below the waterline
When the ship rolls to one side, the increased surface area offers resistance to the ship upright

13. Structural Systems In all vessels: Areas in between: Bow- Front
Stern- back
Areas in between:
Forward
Amidships
aft

14. Structural Systems Port- Starboard- Length Overall (LOA)- Beam-
The left side of the ship
Starboard-
The rights side of the ship
Length Overall (LOA)-
The measurement from the tip of the bow to the stern
Beam-
The width of the ship at its widest point
Bulkheads-
Internal component used to strengthen the hull
Gunwale (gunnel)-
Top edge of the hull

15. Structural Systems

16. Structural Systems Marine vessels are made of a number of materials:
Wood- has buoyancy, easy to work with, readily available
Construction requires a set of ribs built up around a keel
Wooden planks are attached to the skeleton
Fiberglasses-reinforced plastic
Aluminum
Lightweight alloys

17. Structural Systems Oceangoing ships are made of:
Metal
Metal alloys
The main structural hull and supporting bulkheads are steel
Classification society-
A society that sets and enforces the construction standards for shipbuilding
Submarines are built to withstand tremendous pressure
Double hulls
Conning tower-
Part of a submarine that projects from the top, usually in the center, of the vessel
It is where the ships periscopes, radio antennas, and RADAR are located

18. Support Systems
Water transportation is made possible through its support facilities
Aid in keeping vessels maintained and operational
Vessels need to be:
Repaired
Refueled
Loaded and unloaded
Support systems include:
Harbors
Docks
Ports
Locks
terminals

19. Harbors
Harbor-
A point along the coast where the water is deep enough for the vessel to come very close to shore
Main purpose it to get the vessel close to land
Harbormaster-
Officer who controls the flow of traffic in and out of a port

20. Ports, docks, and terminals
A place where vessels load and unload cargo/ passengers
Located along seacoasts, lakefronts, and rivers
Used for fueling and repair
Dock-
Located at ports
An area totally closed in by piers
Ships are not docked long, load and unload quickly
Terminals-
Physical facility or building used to load and unload passengers and cargo
Example would be an airport terminal

21. locks Locks- Panama Canal
A chamber facility constructed in a canal between two different water levels.
Made up of gates, pumps, and filling and draining valves
Panama Canal