1. Andrew Jackson:

2. The Real Andrew Jackson
Born in 1767 in South Carolina, self-made lawyer, legislator and slave owner
National hero at the Battle of New Orleans
Removed Creek Indians from Tennessee, fought against Seminole Indians in Florida
7th President,

3. HOW DEMOCRATIC WAS AMERICA?
Wealth distribution: little change
Voting greatly expanded (from 27% to 58% participation)
No “secret ballot”
A few class distinctions (NOT like Europe)
American “social familiarity”

4. Changing Party Politics
1824: four candidates, all “Republicans”
AFTER 1824:
Democrats: Jackson
National Republicans: JQ Adams, H. Clay
Loyalty to party more important than ideas
Rewards + patronage = Loyalty
Mudslinging and name calling (1828) more than issues

5. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

6. Voter Turnout:

7. 1828 Election Results

8. Changing Politics King Caucus system gone (too exclusive)
1832: National Party convention: Name a party’s Pres. candidate
Pres. electors from each state chosen by popular vote (not state legislatures)

9. Democratic Republicans Believe:
Equal opportunity
Benefits to white males
No class preference
Capable men of intelligence should hold office
Critical of Eastern aristocracy
Critical of U.S. bank
Indians, African-Americans and women are not part of the vision of “equal opportunity”

10. Why Increased Democratization?
Common Man Campaign?
White male suffrage increased
Party nominating committees King Caucus dead
Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors.
Spoils system.
Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)
Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:
Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854)
Democrats (1828)
Native Americans?
Women?
African-Americans?

11. Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man”
Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege.
His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.”
Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

12. The New “Jackson Coalition”
The Planter Elite in the South
People on the Frontier
State Politicians – spoils system!
Immigrants in the cities

13. Jackson Reflects Democratic Trends
Seen as representative of “the common man”
Spoils System:
Rotation in Office:
Opens door on inauguration day to the public
Critics: “Acts like a KING”

14. The Reign of “King Mob”

15. The Spoils System
Changing government workers is a good thing = more democracy
rewards political supporters with government jobs
Jackson - ordinary citizens can do government jobs
Fired many people from Adams presidency and replace with his own people-Rotation in Office
Jackson’s Cabinet was nicknamed the “Kitchen Cabinet”
“To the Victor goes the Spoils”

16. Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree

17. Jackson in Mourning for His Wife

18. The “Peggy Eaton Affair”

19. Peggy Eaton Affair- Peggy had married John Timberlake
He commits suicide while deployed at sea
Rumors of Peggy’s affair with John Eaton may have drove him to suicide
After Timberlake’s death, Peggy and John Eaton quickly marry
Jackson and Eaton were friends and he encouraged the marriage (Eaton was a Senator from Tenn., and soon to be named Sec. of War)
Wives of cabinet members ostracize Peggy
Jackson defends her (think about Rachael)
Cabinet resigns, Jackson believes Calhoun’s wife was the cause of the gossip

20. Andrew Jackson as President

21. Jackson’s Use of Federal Power
VETO
1830  Maysville Road project in KY [state of his political rival, Henry Clay]

22. Sen. Daniel Webster [MA]
The Webster-Hayne Debate
Sen. Daniel Webster [MA]
Sen. Robert Hayne [SC]

23. Hayne-Webster Debate (1830)
Robert Hayne (Sen. S.C.) West and South should unite against East
Eastern Economic Tyranny
Tariff
Land
States’ Rights
Daniel Webster (Sen. Mass) responds
South doesn’t appreciate Union
Hayne again spoke – state sovereignty and nullification!
Webster replied denouncing the idea of state sovereignty and endorsed the idea of national supremacy.
Webster concluded his second reply with the words, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"

24. 1830 Webster: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.
Jackson: Our Federal Union—it must be preserved.
Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

25. The
Nullification and
Tariff Issue

26. NULLIFICATION CRISIS Tariff of 1828-1832 Tariff would raise to 45%
South believes Federal government is favoring North and industry
Threatening slavery???

27. JACKSON VS CALHOUN
John C. Calhoun, resigns as VP because of the Eaton Affair and Tariff of 1828
Tariff of Abomination
Calhoun becomes a US Senator from South Carolina and defends slavery and state’s rights.
Calhoun threatened secession (leaving the US) if tariff was not lowered.
Calhoun believed in the doctrine of nullification or each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void
South Carolina Exposition---Compact theory

28. JACKSON VS CALHOUN Congress passes Force Bill
Jackson can take military action in SC
Jackson informs people of SC that nullification is disunion and treason

29. JACKSON VS CALHOUN The Nullification Crisis Compromise of 1833
Henry Clay proposes it
Lower tariff by 25% over next 10 years
SC drops nullification
South loses dominance to North and West
Jackson preserves the union
South believes they are becoming a minority within country
Threat of nullification is over, but new threat will be secession

30. Jackson's
Native-American
Policy

31. Indian Removal Jackson’s Goal? 1830: Indian Removal Act
Expansion into the southwest for southern planters
1830: Indian Removal Act
5 Civilized Tribes: (forced removal)
Cherokee Creek Choctaw
Chickasaw Seminole

32. Indian Removal Act (1830) Georgia wants the Cherokee land
Gold?
Fertile farm land?
Federal gov’t promises to negotiate with tribes to remove them
Jackson believes he is protecting the natives from annihilation
Gov’t passes Indian Removal Act

33. Cherokee Turn to the Supreme Court
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Cherokee are not a foreign nation
This means they can not sue in Federal Court
Indians are a “domestic dependent nation”
Cherokee have no recourse to fight Georgia law kicking them off their land
Worcester v. Georgia (1831)
The tribes were “distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive (private).”
Georgia laws do not apply to the land owned by the Cherokee
This is a win for the tribe! The only way to force the Cherokee off their land is through a treaty
Jackson is furious with the decision… “Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it!)

34. Division in the Cherokee Nation
TRAIL OF TEARS
Division in the Cherokee Nation
Cherokee went from being a peaceful nation to a group of people who were divided.
Some Cherokee in cooperation with the US government illegally signed the Treaty of New Echota
US government would give land and goods to the Cherokee who left their land peacefully.
Georgia and the U.S. government used the treaty as justification to force almost all of the 17,000 Cherokees from their southeastern homeland.
Approximately 4,000 die

36. Renewing
the Charter
of the
1st National Bank

37. THE BANK WAR BUS Privately owned Received federal deposits
Helps the regulate ups and downs of economy

38. Jackson believed BUS was too powerful because it was privately owned.
THE BANK WAR
Biddle v Jackson
Jackson believed BUS was too powerful because it was privately owned.
Considered it unconstitutional regardless of Marshall’s McCulloch vs. Maryland
The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons. The boxers are Nicholas Biddle and Andrew Jackson. The lady holding a bottle of port says, "Darken his daylights, Nick. Put the Screws to him my tulip!" Daniel Webster: "Blow me tight if Nick ain't been crammed too much. You see as how he's losing his wind!" Henry Clay: "Hurrah Nick my kiddy! Hit him a pelt in the smellers!" Martin Van Buren: "Go it Hickory, my old Duffer! give it to him in the bread basket, it will make him throw up his deposits!" Major Jack Downing (a mythical Jacksonian hero): "I swan if the Ginral hain't been taken lessons from Fuller!" The man standing next to the whiskey bottle: "Hurrah my old yallow flower of the forrest, walk into him like a streak of Greased lightning through a gooseberry bush!"
Should be controlled more by government and the people because it was corrupt.
Nicholas Biddle, President of the BUS, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster supported the BUS

39. Destroyed the BUS in 1832 with the veto.
KING ANDREW
The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons.
Opponents referred to him as King Andrew because used the veto more than any president to that time…..12 times
Destroyed the BUS in 1832 with the veto.
Picture shows President Jackson holding a veto in his left hand and scepter in his right. US Constitution is torn up and Jackson is standing on it…
King Andrew

40. The “Monster” Is Destroyed!
“pet banks” or wildcat banks
1832: Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd National Bank of the United States.
1836: the charter expired.
1841: the bank went bankrupt!

41. THE BANK WAR
A triumphant Jackson holds his order to remove government deposits from the bank as the bank crumbles and a host of demonic characters scurry from its ruins.
The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons. The boxers are Nicholas Biddle and Andrew Jackson. The lady holding a bottle of port says, "Darken his daylights, Nick. Put the Screws to him my tulip!" Daniel Webster: "Blow me tight if Nick ain't been crammed too much. You see as how he's losing his wind!" Henry Clay: "Hurrah Nick my kiddy! Hit him a pelt in the smellers!" Martin Van Buren: "Go it Hickory, my old Duffer! give it to him in the bread basket, it will make him throw up his deposits!" Major Jack Downing (a mythical Jacksonian hero): "I swan if the Ginral hain't been taken lessons from Fuller!" The man standing next to the whiskey bottle: "Hurrah my old yallow flower of the forrest, walk into him like a streak of Greased lightning through a gooseberry bush!"

42. THE BANK WAR The 1832 Election
Overwhelming majority approve of Jackson’s veto
Jackson wins more than 3/4ths of electoral vote

43. Specie Circular Debate

44. The Specie Circular (1836) Specie = gold or silver
States were printing paper money and it was not backed by gold/silver
Land prices were soaring and speculation was major issue
Require all land purchased must be paid for in specie
Curtails land sales and one of the causes of Panic of 1837

45. Specie Circular “Soft” (paper) $ “Hard” (specie) $
state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely.
supported rapid economic growth & speculation.
felt that coin was the only safe currency.
didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes.
suspicious of expansion & speculation.

46. Jackson and the Specie
Jackson wanted to limit speculation and wild land prices
He supports the Specie Circular and is support of “Hard Money!”

47. Economic Problems in 1836
US Bank is destroyed: money into state banks, back to easy credit, fluctuating bank notes
Specie Circular issued: stop land speculation w/gold & silver required for purchase
Good news! Budget surplus!! $$$ sent to states, used for building RR’s, canals, roads, etc (Distribution Act)

48. Panic of 1837
Causes: Distribution Act weakened state bank, specie circular (run on banks), crop failures hurt farmers’ income, Recession in Europe (pull $$$ out of US)
Results: unemployment, bank failures, businesses close, RR/Canal projects fail, bread riots (lasts 5 years: most severe)

49. Results of the Specie Circular
Banknotes loose their value.
Land sales plummeted.
Credit not available.
Businesses began to fail.
Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!

50. The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

51. Accomplishments JACKSON'S LEGACY Increased presidential power
“Pres. Is a direct rep. of the American people”
Pres. Is responsible to the people not Congress
Veto is an effective presidential power
Veto can help Pres. shape legislation
Political parties are a positive

52. KING ANDREW Legacy Continued Opponents call him King Andrew
Used veto 12 times
To destroy BUS and support “Common Man”
To punish rivals – Maysville Road (Henry Clay)
Opposed increasing federal spending and the national debt
Interpreted the powers of Congress narrowly
Kitchen cabinet

53. JACKSON'S LEGACY Failures
Social stratification
Gap between rich and poor widened
Financial policies and lack of BUS lead to the Panic of 1837, lasts to 1843