1. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS (FOR OR AGAINST)

2. Before writing an argumentative essay, you consider both sides of the topic and take a position/pick a side. An argumentative essay should contain three parts: -the introduction -the body (the number of the body paragraphs might vary) -the conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
The first paragraph of an argumentative essay should contain -a brief explanation of your topic -some background information -a thesis statement In this case, your thesis will be a statement of your position on a particular controversial topic.

4. THE BODY
The body of your essay will contain the meat of your argument. You should go into more detail about the two sides of your controversy and state the strongest points of the counter-side of your issue.
After describing the «other» side, you will present your own viewpoint and then provide evidence to show why your position is the correct one (Refute)
Select your stronger evidence and present your points one by one. Use a mix of evidence types, from statistics to other studies and anecdotal stories. This part of the essay could be any length.

5. CONCLUSION
You should restate your position as the most sensible one in your conclusion paragraph.

6. ORGANISATION PATTERN 1 Introduction PRO idea 1 PRO idea 2
CON(s)+ Refutation(s)
Conclusion

7. PATTERN 2
Introduction
CON(s) + Refutation (s)
PRO idea 1
PRO idea 2
Conclusion

8. PATTERN 3
Introduction
CON idea 1+ Refutation
CON idea 2+ Refutation
CON idea 3+ Refutation
Conclusion

9. PATTERN 4
Introduction
PRO idea 1
PRO idea 2
CON idea 1+ Refutation
CON idea 2+ Refutation
CON idea 3+ Refutation
Conclusion

10. LANGUAGE
Signposts gain importance in argumentative essays. They enable the readers to follow your arguments easily.
-When pointing out opposing arguments (CONs):
Opponents of this idea claim/maintain that…
Those who disagree/are against these ideas may say/claim that…
Some people may disagree with this idea.
-When stating specifically why they think like that:
They put forward this idea because…
They claim that … since…
-Reaching to the turning point:
However,
But
On the other hand,

11. When refuting the opposing idea, we may use the following strategies:
COMPROMISE: To prove that their argument is not powerful enough:
They have a point in thinking like that.
To a certain extent they are right.
COMPLETELY DISAGREE
After seeing this evidence, there is no way we can agree with what they say.
SAY THAT THEIR AGREEMENT IS IRRELEVANT TO THE TOPIC
What we are discussing here is not what they are trying to prove.
Their argument is irrelevant.

12. SAMPLE ESSAY 1 Topic: Smoking should be banned in public places
SAMPLE ESSAY 1 Topic: Smoking should be banned in public places. Do you agree?
SMOKING IN PUBLIC PLACES Statistics show beyond doubt that cigarette smoking can damage the health, yet a surprisingly large number of people continue to smoke in spite of all warnings. By doing so they are not just shortening their own lives, they are also affecting the health of those around them. Thus, as a non-smoker, I completely agree with the idea that smoking should be banned in public places. In the first place, it is very unpleasant to sit in a smoke-filled room, such as a restaurant or cinema, if you do not yourself smoke. Added to this, smoking can be a serious fire risk, especially in crowded places like discos. Finally, scientific studies indicate that the risk of lung cancer in passive smokers is high, and in my opinion, nobody should be asked to risk his health just because of another person’s bad habits. Smokers may protest that they should be free to do as they like. They say that we already have no- smoking areas in public places, and this should be enough. To my mind, however, non-smokers should also be free- free to go anywhere they choose without risking their health. Also, it is common knowledge that breathing in smoke from other people’s cigarettes is a more serious health hazard to the young children in public places because they are very sensitive and rather vulnerable. To sum up, smoking is harmful not just to smokers but to non-smokers too. If some people are foolish enough to continue this dangerous habit, it seems to me that they should at least be prevented from doing so in public.

13. SAMPLE ESSAY 2 Topic: Animals should not be used in testing new drugs and procedures. Do you agree?
ANIMAL TESTING Medical research involving animals has dramatically improved the health of the human race. Without animal testing, the cure for polio would not exist and diabetics would suffer or die from their disease. Despite these benefits, some people believe that animals should not be used for testing medical techniques and drugs. In my view, animal testing is absolutely beneficial for human beings. First of all, animal testing allows scientists to test and create new drugs. Animals such as monkeys or rabbits have similar physical processes to humans. This allows scientists to test the effects of certain drugs. If a drug produces adverse effects in animals, it is probably unfit for human use. Moreover, animal testing is cheap. There is a large supply of animals for medical research. Animals are easily bred, and maintained safely in controlled labs. The costs of testing in humans would be extremely high. On the other hand, many people argue that animal testing is cruel. In some cases it is true. However, it would be much more cruel to test new drugs on people or children, or to let people die because there was not enough information about a drug. Furthermore, legislation in most countries sets standards for animal treatment, and laboratories have guidelines to prevent cruelty. Opponents of animal research also say that information from animals does not apply to humans. They point to certain commercial drugs which have been withdrawn because of side-effects in humans. While it is true that animal systems differ from human systems, there are enough similarities to apply information from animals to humans. Animal rights campaigners claim that we do not need new tests because we already have vast amounts of information. However, many new deadly infections appear every year and new treatments and drugs are needed to combat these deadly plagues. To sum up, the use of animals in testing new drugs and procedures appears to be a vital tool in the development of new medicines and treatments. Our responsibility is to design an effectictive system which regulates the use of animals in research and which ensures that research animals are responsibly used and cared for in a humane manner.

14. ASSIGNMENT Choose one of the statements 1-3 and write an argumentative (for or against) essay. Write words.
1. It is a good idea for young people to live together before getting married. 2. Advertisements for alcohol and tobacco products should not be allowed. 3. Children should be allowed to wear what they want.