1. Concluding WWI

2. Reviewing the Timeline
1914 – WWI begins
June 28, 1914 – Franz Ferdinand shot
1915
Stalemate on the Western front
Gallipoli Campaign
1916
Feb – Dec – Battle of Verdun
July – Battle of the Somme
Russia struggles
1917
U.S. enters WWI
Russia withdraws from the war
1918 – WWI ends
1919 – Treaty of Versailles signed

3. The Influenza Last months of the war
Killed more people worldwide than all battles of the war

4. Progression of the Great Influenza
First detected in Kansas
American troops arriving in France in the spring of 1918 carried the strain
Swept the Western front, disabling 500,000 German troops
Then vanished
Second and third waves deadlier
The influenza killed within a few days
30 million people died

5. Total War War had been on for 3 years, killed millions
What does the term “total war” suggest?
Answer on your paper
Countries began engaging in total war – devoting all their resources to the war effort
Governments told factories what to produce
Rationing went into effect (people could only buy small amounts of things needed for the war)
Propaganda was used to persuade people to join the war effort

6. Russia Withdraws
By 1917, 5.5 million soldiers had been wounded, killed or taken prisoner
Russian army refused to fight anymore
Bolshevik Revolution
Russia withdrew from the war

7. Germany Rushes West
Now that they didn’t have to fight Russia, they moved all their troops towards France
But their troops were not as strong anymore
Allies (with 140,000 American troops) counterattacked
Second Battle of the Marne
Allies began to advance towards Germany

8. Central Powers Collapse
Bulgarians surrender
Ottoman Turks surrender
Austria-Hungary’s troops mutinied

9. Armistice In Germany, troops also mutinied
People went against the Kaiser
Nov. 9, 1918 – Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down
Germany declared itself a Republic
A representative from Germany met with a French commander in a railway car
They signed an armistice – an agreement to stop fighting
What do you think the peace agreement might involve?
Answer on your paper

10. WWI Statistics: Death Tolls
Whose were highest? Whose were lowest?
Why?

12. The Peace
Representatives from the U.S., France, Britain and Italy met to determine the terms of the peace
(Left to right) The “Big Four”: David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of the United States, the principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles.

13. Treaty of Versailles
Signed exactly 5 years after Franz Ferdinand’s murder
Adopted the League of Nations, which would try to keep peace among the nations
Punished Germany
Lost territory
Restrictions on its military operations
“War Guilt” cause blamed Germany for the war and forced it to pay reparations to the Allies
What did this lead to?
Germany lost all its imperial territories

14. Carving up Europe
The Allies also signed treaties with the other Central Powers – they lost land as well
Austria-Hungary carved into other countries:
Austria
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
Ottoman Turks only got to keep Turkey
Other areas made into nations

16. Problems of the Peace
Many countries disagreed with the terms of the Treaty
America ultimately rejected the Treaty, wanting to stay out of European affairs
Germany was very bitter about the “war guilt clause”
Most countries felt the Treaty wasn’t fair to them
Why might so many countries have been unhappy?
Answer on your paper

17. The Impact of WWI Mass deaths – 14 million (soldiers and civilians)
$338 billion spent
Warfare forever altered – modern weapons and tactics
Restructured Europe
Bitter Germany
Modernity – Disillusionment and despair