1. Principles of Ecology

2. What is ecology?
Ecology: study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment

3. Habitat vs. Niche Habitat: place where organism lives
Niche: role or position a species has in its environment

4. Symbiosis: interactions between 2 species “living together”
Mutualism: both benefits
Commensalism: one benefits, the other unaffected
Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed
Predation: one benefits, one dies

5. Mutualism
Clownfish is protected, while providing a lure for the anemone.
Some say that this relationship can be commensalistic.

6. Get food and pollination of flowers!!

7. Commensalism

9. Parasitism
Head lice

11. Predation: is the interaction between two species in which one species uses another species as food.

12. Symbiotic Relationships worksheet!

13. How do organisms obtain energy?
Autotroph (producer): photosynthetic or chemosynthetic, makes own food
Heterotroph (consumer): “eat” other organisms, cannot make own food

14. Heterotroph Consumers are not all alike:
Herbivores eat only plants- primary consumers or 1st order consumers
Carnivores eat only animals- secondary, tertiary, quaternary consumers or 2nd, 3rd, 4th order consumers
Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
Detritivores eat dead or decaying organic matter- scavengers.
Decomposers are detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds. They recycle!

15. Autotrophphotosynthesis

16. Heterotrophs - herbivores
consume only vegetative matter
mostly primary consumers. Or 1st Order Consumers.

17. Heterotrophs - carnivores
obtain energy from eating other consumers
Secondary, tertiary and quaternary consumers
2nd, 3rd, 4th Order Consumers

18. Heterotrophs - omnivores
obtain energy from eating producers and consumers

19. Typical examples: fungus and bacteria
Decomposers
Typical examples: fungus and bacteria

20. Heterotrophs – Detritivores (scavengers)
Scavengers: feed off of dead or decaying living things but do not recycle matter back into the ecosystem

22. Food chain
shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem (one route)
berries → mice → black bear
Starter 26

25. Food web shows interactions between organisms (all possible routes)
Contains Multiple Food Chains

29. Food web activity-yarn!

30. 1. Label each of the organisms either as producers, primary, secondary tertiary or quaternary consumers, carnivores, herbivores and predators in this food web.
Copy food web in your notebook
2. Analyze the food web and Explain the balance that is upset when a major predator is removed from an ecosystem.

31. Deer-wolf population LAB work in class if not finish it is homework!

32. Use foldable to take notes and add to the side whatever doesn’t fit in the foldable

33. Energy pyramid
Pyramid of Energy
Heat
0.1% Consumers
Heat
1% Consumers
Shows how much energy is available at each trophic (energy) level
10%
Consumers
Heat
Heat
Parasites, scavengers, and decomposers feed at each level.
Starter 25

34. Energy Pyramids Show As you go up you lose 90 % of energy
energy transferred
Heat
As you go up you lose 90 % of energy
Only 10 percent of energy is carried over

35. Energy Pyramid

36. Number pyramid- A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers

38. Biomass pyramid
Biomass is the total weight of living matter at each trophic level
Or Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area.
mass

40. Water cycle Carbon cycle Nitrogen cycle Four cycles in nature
Phosphorus cycle

41. Water cycle: The hydrologic, or water, cycle is the circular pathway of water on Earth. Organisms all have bodies made mostly of water

42. Carbon Cycle Carbon is the building block of life.
The carbon cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere, through the food web, and back to the atmosphere.
Carbon is emitted during the burning of fossil fuels.
Some carbon is stored for long periods of time in areas called carbon sinks.
Or use starter #35 on scientificminds.com – Don’t forget to include/ introduce photosynthesis and cellular respiration and how matter(carbon) is cycled through the environment.

43. Nitrogen cycle The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground
Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia through a process called nitrogen fixation.
Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules on the roots of plants; others live freely in soil.
Might want to use the black and green powerpoint from in order to really show how the nitrogen cycle works and include all of the abiotic factors that play a role in this cycle. Or use starter #36 on scientificminds.com

44. Nitrogen cycle cont.
Ammonia released into the soil is transformed into ammonium.
Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate.
Nitrogen moves through the food web and returns to the soil during decomposition.