1. Introduction to Computing
Database

2. What is Data?
Data refers to the raw facts you store on your computer.

3. What is Information?
Is what you get when you turn those raw facts into something useful?

4. Introduction to Database:
A database is a collection of related information.
is a collection of related data and data is a collection of facts and figures that can be processed to produce information.
For example,
a phone book is a database of names, addresses and phone numbers. 

5. Types of Database:
Flat file database
Relational database

6. flat-file database
When there is only a single table in the database, this is called a 'flat file database'.

7. Features of flat file database:
All records are stored in one place
Easy to set up using a number of standard office applications
Easy to understand
Simple sorting of records can be carried out
Record can be viewed or extracted on the basis of simple criteria

8. Disadvantages : Potential duplication Non-unique records
 Harder to update.
Inherently inefficient.
Harder to change data format
Poor at complex queries
Poor at limiting access.

9. Relational database:
To overcome the limitations of a simple flat file database that has only a single table, another type of database has been developed called a 'relational database'.
A relational database holds its data over a number of tables instead of one. Records within the tables are linked (related) to records held in other tables.

10. Example:

11. Features of a relational database:
Data is only stored once
Complex queries can be carried out
Better security.
Cater for future requirements
Avoids data duplication
Avoids inconsistent records
Easier to change data
Easier to change data format
Data can be added and removed easily
Easier to maintain security.

12. RDBMS
A database management system stores data in such a way that it becomes easier to retrieve, manipulate, and produce information.
A collection of programs that enables users to perform certain actions on a particular database:

13. What is Relational database
A collection of related tables is called a relational database.

14. Tables Company Orders Company name Company address aa Karachi bb
Faisalabad cc
Islamabad dd
lahore
Order no
Order date
quantity 1
1 jan 06 10 2
3 jan 06 15 3
7 jan 05 50 4
10 jan 06
200 5
150 6
12jan06
140 7
12 jan06 30 8
12 jan 06 9
15jan 05 75
Products
Product code
Product name 1
Lux 2
Colgate 3
Toothbrush 4
Hair Oil

15. Primary key Foreign key
Which is unique and not null, identifier of table
Foreign key
Which is the primary key of other table and is used for relationship in other table.

16. Relational database Company Orders Company name Company address aa
Karachi bb
Faisalabad cc
Islamabad dd
lahore
Order no
Order date
quantity
Product code 1
1 jan 06 10 2
3 jan 06 15 4 3
7 jan 05 50
10 jan 06
200 5
150 6
12jan06
140 7
12 jan06 30 8
12 jan 06 9
15jan 05 75
Products
Product code
Product name 1
Lux 2
Colgate 3
Toothbrush 4
Hair Oil

17. Characteristics: Real-world entity: Relation-based tables:
Isolation of data and application:
Less redundancy:
Consistency:
Query Language:
Multiuser and Concurrent Access:
Multiple views:
Security:

18. Users:
A typical DBMS has users with different rights and permissions who use it for different purposes. Some users retrieve data and some back it up. The users of a DBMS can be broadly categorized as follows:

19. Administrators:
Administrators maintain the DBMS and are responsible for administrating the database. They are responsible to look after its usage and by whom it should be used. They create access profiles for users and apply limitations to maintain isolation and force security. Administrators also look after DBMS resources like system license, required tools, and other software and hardware related maintenance

20. Designers:
Designers are the group of people who actually work on the designing part of the database. They keep a close watch on what data should be kept and in what format. They identify and design the whole set of entities, relations, constraints, and views.

21. End Users:
End users are those who actually reap the benefits of having a DBMS. End users can range from simple viewers who pay attention to the logs or market rates to sophisticated users such as business analysts.