1. Substation Reliability Substation Maintenance
2015 Electric T&D Benchmarking
Substation Reliability Substation Maintenance
August 22-25, 2016
Park City, UT

2. A Process Model for Managing the T&D Business
Indicates separate D, S, T components
Add New
Customers
Respond to Emergencies
Expand System
Operate System
Sustain System
Project/Portfolio Management
Develop and Approve Asset Plans
Develop System Strategy 2

3. Substation Reliability
2015 Electric T&D Benchmarking
Substation Reliability
August 22-25, 2016
Park City, UT

4. Results Overview
Distribution substation contribution to SAIDI and SAIFI decreased this year over last.
Transmission substation SAIDI and SAIFI top performers continue to perform well. Transmission substations are only significant for a few
Trends are mostly positive in terms of substation contribution to transmission outages
About 12% of sustained transmission outages (>200kV) are from substation related causes

5. T&D Substation Reliability Profile
Customer reliability significantly improved
Most transmission circuit performance little changed from 2014
2015YE
2014YE
Mean Q1 Q2 Q3
Bars
Contribution to Customer Reliability
Substation Contribution to SAIFI - T&D
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.09 17
0.07
0.05 14
Substation Contribution to SAIDI - T&D
2.82
0.53
2.60
3.96
3.88
2.06
3.12
3.83 15
Substation Availability
Transformer failures per 1000 Transformers - Trans Subs
7.07
0.00
5.51
13.26
17.75 11
Transformer failures per 1000 Transformers - Dist Subs
4.05
2.36
5.96
11.04
1.62
3.13
9.22 13
SOF from Failed AC Sub Eq, plus Failed Prot Sys Eq <200kV
0.056
0.013
0.035
0.104 16
0.024
0.009
0.021
MOF from Failed AC Sub Eq, plus Failed Prot Sys Eq <200kV
0.022
0.006
0.017
0.037 10
0.020
0.005
0.010
0.018
TOF from Failed AC Sub Eq, plus Failed Prot Sys Eq <200kV
0.070
0.016
0.066
0.118
0.040
0.015
0.025
0.055
SOF from Failed AC Sub Eq, plus Failed Prot Sys Eq >200kV
0.053
0.000
0.051
0.084
0.054
0.023
0.078
MOF from Failed AC Sub Eq, plus Failed Prot Sys Eq >200kV
0.014
0.008
0.031 9
TOF from Failed AC Sub Eq, plus Failed Prot Sys Eq >200kV
0.067
0.059
0.107
0.004
0.102

6. Total Substation Contribution to SAIDI, SAIFI
Both SAIDI and SAIFI are worse at mean, median, 3rd quartile, but better at 1st quartile.
SAIDI
SAIFI
2016
2015
Mean
6.79
3.88
Quartile 1
0.60
2.06
Quartile 2:
3.96
3.12
Quartile 3:
9.00
3.83
2016
2015
Mean
0.091
0.068
Quartile 1
0.020
0.050
Quartile 2:
0.080
0.060
Quartile 3:
0.150
Substation Reliability Page 6
Source: DR30
Substation Reliability Page 2
Source: DR40

7. DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION O&M EXPENSE PER ASSETS
Service restoration cost is 10% of all spending and an average 0.31% per asset.
Mean 0.31 %
Quartile 1: 0.10 %
Quartile 2: 0.29 %
Quartile 3: 0.46 %
Distribution Financials
Question DF65, DF70 7

8. TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION O&M EXPENSE PER ASSETS
Service restoration cost is 7% of all spending and an average 0.12% per asset.
Mean
0.12 %
Quartile 1:
0.01 %
Quartile 2:
0.04 %
Quartile 3:
0.25 %
Transmission Financials
Question TF60, TF65 8

9. Allocation of Substation Contribution to SAIDI
Failed Equipment is the predominant cause for most utilities and contributes an average of 4 minutes (3.6% of total) to SAIDI.
Mean
4.20
Quartile 1
0.32
Quartile 2:
2.73
Quartile 3:
6.53
Substation Reliability Pg 14
Question SR20
Substation Reliability Pg 16
Question SR20, DR30

10. Allocation of Substation Contribution to SAIFI
Failed Equipment is the predominant cause for most and contributes 6 (5.7% of total) outages per 100 customers.
Mean
0.06
Quartile 1
0.01
Quartile 2:
0.05
Quartile 3:
0.09
Substation Reliability Pg 15
Question SR25
Substation Reliability Pg 17
Question SR25, DR400

11. Transformer Failure Rate per 1,000 Transformers
Both Transmission and Distribution Failure Rates are considerably better than last year
Transmission
Distribution
2016
2015
Mean
7.07
14.32
Quartile 1
0.00
Quartile 2
4.23
Quartile 3
5.51
17.75
2016
2015
Mean
4.05
11.04
Quartile 1
0.00
1.62
Quartile 2
2.36
3.13
Quartile 3
5.96
9.22
Substation Reliability Pg 10, 11
Questions SR10, ST85, ST90

12. Substation transformer Failures Trend
Trending down since 2012
Mean and 3rd quartile variable, 1st and 2nd quartile fairly flat …

13. Substation Contribution to Transmission Outages <200kV
Trends are slightly positive (better) for SOF, mixed for MOF and TOF
Substation Reliability Pages 18, 20, 22
Questions TR35, ST120

14. Substation Contribution to Transmission Outages >200kV
All trends show improvement
Substation Reliability Pages 18, 20, 22
Questions TR35, ST120

15. Total reported sustained outage events from all respondents
About 12% of sustained outages are due to substation causes.
Total Events = 381

16. Substation Maintenance
2016 Transmission & Distribution Benchmarking
Community Insights Conference
Substation Maintenance
August 22-25, 2016
Park City, UT

17. Substation Maintenance – Scope of 2016 Survey
This session covers highlights from the Substation Practices section of (SP) statistical report, as well as some spending and staffing data
Substation Maintenance
Maintenance Spending
Maintenance Staffing
Primary focus of programs
Maintenance approach
Metrics used
Mobile stations and spares
Initiatives
Scheduling and tools used
Inspection types and approaches used: RCM, CBM, Time or Combination
SF6 breaker leak rate monitoring

18. Total Substation O&M Expense
T&D Substation O&M Expense Per Asset [Activity-Based- By Activity
Cost per Asset Mean of 1.24% , with several companies incurring significantly above that range
Many companies categorized spending in the “Other” category
Mean
1.24 %
Quartile 1
0.83 %
Quartile 2:
1.01 %
Quartile 3:
1.20 %
TD Substation Financial- TD Panel, page 20

19. T&D Substation Staffing- All
Substation FTEs for these metrics range significantly
Substation FTEs Per $100M Substation Assets
Substation FTEs Per Substation
Mean
23.35
Quartile 1
16.48
Quartile 2:
20.60
Quartile 3:
28.47
Mean
0.73
Quartile 1
0.21
Quartile 2:
0.36
Quartile 3:
1.12
Staffing, T&D Staffing, page 13, SO20
Page 14 of the T&D Staffing section

20. Staffing, T&D Staffing, page 27, SO20
T&D Substation Staffing- Field Construction and Maintenance
Substation Field C&M FTEs make-up the largest portion
Many are not able to breakout C and M staffing for benchmarking purposes
Substation Field C&M FTEs Per $100M Substation Assets
Substation Field C&M FTEs Per Substation
Mean
19.53
Quartile 1
8.21
Quartile 2:
12.15
Quartile 3:
26.04
Mean
0.47
Quartile 1
0.20
Quartile 2:
0.34
Quartile 3:
0.53
Staffing, T&D Staffing, page 27, SO20

21. Substation Maintenance Outsourcing
Very little outsourcing of Substation Maintenance occurs
Legends 21 23 27 30 31 38 40 41 43 47
Field Construction (Dist Subs) Total
96 %
0 %
31 %
22 %
50 %
80 %
Civil Construction (Dist Subs)
100 %
30 %
Electrical Construction (Dist Subs)
90 %
10 %
25 %
Field Maintenance (Dist Subs) Total
3 %
5 %
Transformer Maintenance (Dist Subs)
Breaker maintenance (Dist Subs)
2 %
Staffing (SO), page 66. SO120 21

22. Substation labor utilization
Quartile ranges vary by about 10% in utilization from Q1 to Q3; how many are estimates versus actual?
Labor Utilization Rate(%) - Substation Electrician
Labor Utilization Rate (%) Substation Meter/Relay / Comms
Mean
78 %
Quartile 1
84 %
Quartile 2:
82 %
Quartile 3:
75 %
Mean
77 %
Quartile 1
85 %
Quartile 2:
83 %
Quartile 3:
75 %
Staffing (SO), pages SO90 22

23. maintenance planning and execution for substations primary plans Are set up to focus on
A majority of companies target specific equipment to maintain across the system. Some companies are minimizing outages by maintaining specific equipment but also maintaining other equipment while the substation is out of service.
FOCUS OF PRIMARY PLANS FOR MAINTENANCE PLANNING / EXECUTION FOR SUBSTATIONS
Legends
Total 16 17 18 21 23 25 27 28 30 31 38 40 41 43 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
Equipment components across the entire system ♦
All equipment at a specific substation
Bundled approach 7
Other 2
Sub Practices, page 32. SP80

24. how has the maintenance focus Changed in the past few years?
Several companies report moving to a more bundled approach to substation maintenance. Some management maintenance to match resource availability. Generally, there was not a lot of change in maintenance planning focus over the past few years.
Change In Core Maintenance Approach ID
Response
Bundled approach 28
Early on, the focus was on worst equipment performance to avoid frequent outages. As these were dealt with, it allowed a wider perspective. 41
We try to replace as much equipment as possible during outages in order to be more efficient and take less outages. 47
Our focus has been to minimize the number of times an element is taken out of service in a calendar year hence a strategic more bundled approach is preferred. 16
Depending on the equipment PM such as building ventilation it will be full substation, other PMs such as transformers and high voltage breaker inspections the PM will be equipment component focus.
Work management 18
We changed our core maintenance approach 3-5 years ago in order to 'levelize' our workload by substation and voltage class, to be more efficient in our work. The planning end takes more time
each year as we levelize the stations, but it will prove to work the effort as our crews are more productive in the field. 21
e track proactive work percentage and schedule compliance per region. Planned work percentage is also tracked.
No change 51
no changes in past few years 40
N/A 38 Na
Sub Practices, page 34, SP85

25. What wrench-time metrics are used to estimate maintenance costs or schedule work?
Most companies report using either historical costs or man-hour estimates to schedule maintenance work.
Company 28
Company 47, 40
Company 38
Companies 25, 31, 30, 16, 52, 51, 27, 18
Companies 21 and 43
Companies 55, 49, 54, 56, 53, 48, 17, 50, 57, 46, 41
Sub Practices, page 35. SP90

26. Mobile Stations Used
On average 24 spares per 1000 subs… all but 4 companies store them centrally;
Several companies report more than double that amount available for use at a given time (normalized per 1000 subs);
Only a few have most of their mobiles in-service
Mobile Stations Utilized By Company Per 1000 Substations - Available For Use (Not In Service)
Mobile Stations Utilized By Company Per Substations - Currently In Service
Mean 24
Quartile 1 9
Quartile 2: 22
Quartile 3: 34
Sub Practices, page 37 and 38, SP95.1 and 95.2; Sub Practices, page 41, SP105
Strategically placed mobiles

27. Transmission-Level Transformers Maintained as spares
Total Number Of Transmission-level Transformers Maintained As Spares Per 1000 Transformers
Companies reported having a wide range of spare transmission-level transformers
Most companies also construct their substations to accommodate either or both a mobile or spare transformer.
However, only 1/3 of companies have substation design standards in place to support the construction.
Mean 15
Quartile 1 3
Quartile 2: 9
Quartile 3: 18
Sub Practices, page 39,SP100
Sub Practices, pages 45 and 46, SP115 and 120
Design Standards For New Substations Accommodate Placement Of Spares…
Legends
Total 16 17 21 23 25 27 28 30 31 38 40 41 43 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
Yes 8 ♦ No

28. Most important initiative undertaken to improve Substation maintenance practices
Companies have mostly implemented new technology (primarily Automated Condition Monitoring) or have made overall improvements to their Asset Management Programs including Centralizing Program Planning and Scheduling. ID
Response
Technology applications 41
We are utilizing online monitoring to save O&M costs. 55
(Also companies 49, 54, 56, 53, 48, 17, 50, 57, 46) Technology - On line diagnostic testing, monitoring and failure tracking 22
Automated condition based maintenance, CHR (criticality health risk)
Standardization 25
Our review and standardization of maintenance templates defining maintenance requirements. 31
NERC Compliance tracking reports
Centralized planning and scheduling 38
Substation Maintenance Scheduler, remove burden from foreman and implement better tracking processes 43
We formed a centralized maintenance planning and scheduling/asset management team to better manage our maintenance program. 28
Centralization of maintenance planning via IMAX 52
Bundling the work as much as possible to lessen the number of repetitive outages request for the same equipment.
Asset Management 40
Asset Mang. 16
iPad monthly substation inspections and corrective maintenance requests from those inspections 51
iPad monthly substation inspections and corrective maintenance requests from those inspections which will evolve to other inspections/maintenance activities being performed via iPad with real time information 27
Included main breaker and LTC maintenance with our doble test cycle. 47
Improved breaker maintenance program
Other 23
Review of all Work Orders and processes within our Transmission Operation & Maintenance, and Relay Performance Working Groups. 21
Training and development of new substation apprentices, relay apprentices, and mechanical test technicians. 30
Funding
Sub Practices, page 49, SP150

29. Planned Substation Maintenance Activities
Where is your company on this spectrum? What approach are you taking? Is there a correlation with maintenance-related issues
Activity
Cycle (range)
Most Common
Most Frequent Approach
Transformers
2 to 96 months
12 months
Time and Combination
Switchgear
2 to 120 months
2-4 months
Time and Condition-based
Circuit Breaker
Combination
Relays
36-96 months
48 months
Time-based
Instrument Transformers
+60 months, limited data
Secondary/ Communications
1-84 months
12-48, limited data
Structural Components
1-6 months
1-2 months
Grounds and Fencing
1-6 months, some outliers
Overall Substation
1 month
Infrared
1-12
Time-based, RCM = reliability centered maintenance; CBM = Condition-based maintenance; Combination
Sub Practices, page 63-73, SP185

30. planned maintenance activities Scope (cycle) and approach
Transformer
Switchgear
Circuit Breaker
Relays
Instrument Transformer
Secondary Comms
Structural Components
Grounds & Fencing
Whole Subst.
Infrared 16
12-72, Time
4-96, time
48-96,Time
Do not track
12-48,Time
2-3,Time
2-3, Time
1, Time
12, Time 17
12-48, Combo
Oper. CBM
24-60, Combo
60-120, Time
60, Time 18
12,Combo
72-12yr, Time
-, Comb 21
3-72, PM 22
5 wks-12yr, Combo
5wks-72, Combo
5 wk-24yrs., Combo
48-72, Time
5wks-96, Time
5wks, Combo
5wks,
5 wks, Time
5 wks, Time
3-12, Combo 23
Monthly, Visual
1,Visual
1 , Visual
1, Visual
6, - 25
96, Time
72, Time
- , Time
2-4,Time
12,Time 27
12-36, CBM
12, CBM
12-36,CBM
48-60, CBM
None, CBM
4, CBM
1-3,CBM
12- CBM 28
96, Combo
36-72, Combo
120, Time
120,Combo
6, Time 30
-, CBM
- .CMB
- , Combo
-, Time
-, Combo
-, Combo 31
24, Time
12, Combo
36-60,Time
48, Time
-,Time CBM 38
120,TBM
60, TBM/CMB
12,CBM
6, CBM
6-, CBM 40
2, - 2, 41
12, RCM/Time
- , RCM/Time
24,RCM/Time
60, RCM/Time
- , CBM
-,CBM 43
2, CBM
2, Combo
2, Time
2,Time 47
-, Time & CBM
-, Time&CBM 51
72, Combo
72,Time
48-96, Time
31017, Time
1-6, Time
1-6,Time
1-12, Combo 52
1-72, Combo
6-72,Time
1-72,Combo
1-6, Combo
1-84, Combo 63
Oper., CBM
Sub Practices, page 63-73, SP185

31. USE OF CONCEPTS EMBODIED IN RELIABILITY CENTERED MAINTENANCE
Substation maintenance is the key area within T&D where RCM concepts are in use. Most companies have established uniform programs across the enterprise, but few have widespread implementation.
Uses Named
Companies
Establish uniform program across enterprise
55, 49, 54, 56, 53,48, 17, 50, 57, 46, 28, 31
Failure mode analysis
16, 51, 47, 30
Do not use 27
Other responses
40, 52, 43
Sub Practices, page 97, SP195

32. what % of the work is driven by each of the following maintenance planning approaches?
5 companies are doing at least half of their substation maintenance using condition-based planning approaches.
The remainder use predominantly time-based methods
RCM is used by a number of companies, but at most a 25% rate
Sub Practices, page 96, SP205

33. In support of your condition-based maintenance work, What PERCENT OF INSPECTION INFORMATION is GATHERED MANUALLY VS. ELECTRONICALLY?
Condition Based Maintenance Programs - Percent Of Inspection Information Gathered Manually Vs. Electronically
All companies gather most inspection data via manual inspection techniques.
Many companies also report employing automated monitoring technologies to collect a smaller percentage of data.
Companies 38, 27 and 30 are also those doing more condition-based maintenance planning (prior chart)
Sub Practices, page 98, SP210

34. SF6 breaker leak rate monitoring

35. Use of sf6 GAS leak rate trending
SF6 breakers are more prevalent on the higher voltages (35kV and above). In total, 76% of responding companies monitor SF6 gas leak rates to determine the need for breaker inspection and repairs.
Total Respondents 17
None
24%
MV 1kV to 35kV:
47%
HV 35kV to 230kV
76%
EHV above 230kV
71%
Co. ID: 16 18 21 22 23 27 30 38 40 41 43 46 47 50 51 52 57
None ♦
MV 1kV to 35kV:
HV 35kV to 230kV
EHV above 230kV
SP Page 99 – SP215

36. Use of sf6 GAS leak rate trending
81% of responding companies use SF6 gas leak rate data as part of their breaker replacement planning
Total Respondents 21
Yes
81% No
19%
Co. ID: 16 17 18 22 25 27 28 30 38 40 41 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 54 56 57
Yes ♦ No
SP Page 103 – SP235

37. Leaks typically occur at all voltage levels
SF6 LEAK VOLUMES
Leaks typically occur at all voltage levels
Overall leak rates vary widely
Percent of Leaks By Voltage Level
Overall Leak Rate %* - Past 12 Months
Mean 4 %
Quartile 1: 1 %
Quartile 2: 2 %
Quartile 3: 6 %
SP page 100 – SP220
SP page SP230
* Leak Rate= ((Total SF6 Gas added/Total Nameplate Capacity))*100)

38. Leak rate that triggers BREAKER inspection & repair
Trigger Percent
“Trigger” leak rates most commonly range from 5% to 10%
Company 18 triggers I&M if any level of leak is detected more than once per year
Company 38 has different triggers for the different voltage levels (MV =20%, HV = 10%, EHV = 5%)
SP Page 101 – SP225

39. Thank you for your Input and Participation!
Your Presenters
Ken Buckstaff
Debi Cook
Gene Dimitrov
Rob Earle
Dave Canon Dave Carter Dave Weiler
About 1QC
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