1. Rhetorical Devices and Strategies
Speeches
And
Rhetorical Devices

2. Types of Speeches
Political – focuses on an issue related to government or politics; usually persuasive campaign speeches, state of the union Address – any prepared speech given on a special occasion commencement address, inaugural address Sermon – speech based on spiritual text given for the purpose of religious instruction Sinners In The Hands of An Angry God

3. Appeals techniques used to persuade or convince an audience
Logical – uses facts and evidence that can be proven statistics, events, official reports Ethical – uses the credibility of the speaker. Experience, character, reputation, education Emotional – uses individual or subjective feelings and opinions. personal standards, personal desires, jealousies

4. Parallelism
repeating a grammatical structure or an arrangement of words to create a sense of rhythm and momentum.
Ask not what your country can do for you —ask what you can do for your country JFK
…in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract…. that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
-Abraham Lincoln (from “The Gettysburg Address”)

5. Repetition
expressing different ideas using the same words or images in order to reinforce concepts and unify the speech “If you have an important point to make, don’t try to be subtle or clever. Use a pile driver. Hit the point once. Then come back and hit it again. Then hit it a third time – a tremendous whack.” Winston Churchill In other words….say it loud and clear and again and again and….yes, again.

6. Restatement
expressing the same idea in different words to clarify and stress key points
Example:
Mr. President, it is natural to man to indulge in the illusions of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts…Are we disposed to be of the number of those who, having eyes, see not, and, having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation? 

7. Allusion
Reference to any well-known event, person, or idea in order to make a point Example: Neo sacrifices himself for those still stuck in the Matrix (Matrix: Revolutions) When John Proctor refers to Hale as Pontius Pilate when Elizabeth is arrested in the second act of The Crucible.
Neo = Christ
Abigail - Moses

8. Rhetorical question
is not answered by the author because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the facts at hand.
But how can we expect to enjoy the scenery when the scenery consists entirely of garish billboards?
. . . For if we lose the ability to perceive our faults, what is
the good of living on? --Marcus Aurelius

9. Patterns of words and ideas that create emphasis and stir an audience.
Rhetorical Devices
Patterns of words and ideas that create emphasis and stir an audience.
Appeals: techniques used to persuade (logical, ethical, emotional)
Parallelism: repeating a grammatical structure or an arrangement of
words to create a sense of rhythm and momentum.
Restatement: expressing the same idea in different words to clarify
and stress key points
Repetition: expressing different ideas using the same words or
images in order to reinforce concepts and unify the speech
Allusions: references to well-known events, places, people, or ideas
Rhetorical questions: questions used for effect, emphasis, or provocation