1. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

2. The immune system is our body’s protection system.
It is designed to defend against bacteria, viruses, and toxins that invade your body.
T cells  signal the invasion
B cells  make antibodies (chemical fighters)
Macrophages  white blood cells that EAT

4. Lymph nodes Lymph nodes are filled with white blood cells.
Lymph nodes are located throughout the body and swell when you’re fighting an infection because they work harder and collect dead cells.
The main job of the lymph nodes is to filter the lymph (clear fluid that comes from tissues) by eliminating antibody-coated bacteria.

5. Bone marrow
Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside of bones (i.e. hip, breast, skull, ribs, vertebrae, shoulder blades, humerus, and femur). It has blood stem cells which can develop into any type of blood cell.

6. Thymus gland
Precursor cells from the bone marrow travel to the thymus gland and here they develop into lymphocytes (white blood cells). Theses white blood cells will produce antibodies that fight bacteria and viruses.

7. Spleen Also produces lymphocytes
Filters blood to removes old red blood cells
Also removes antibody-coated bacteria
Located in the upper-left part of the abdomen

8. Immune system disorders
Primary immunodeficiency (born weak)
Acquired immunodeficiency (becomes weak)
Autoimmune disorders (destroys itself)
ALS, multiple sclerosis, lupus, diabetes type 1
Overactive immune system
Allergies
Anaphylactic shock

9. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

10. The digestive system is the organ system that takes in food, digests it, absorbs the nutrients, and excretes the remaining waste.
The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and 3 accessory organs.
The parts of the digestive system in humans are shown here.
Know the parts!

11. THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
The tube in which the food travels through as it is digested
(mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus)

12. THE ACCESSORY ORGANS (Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas)

13. Mouth Breaks down food mechanically (teeth and tongue)
Also breaks apart food chemically with saliva (enzymes and water)
Saliva is produced in the epithelial tissue that lines the mouth

14. Esophagus A tube connecting your mouth to your stomach
Surrounded by smooth muscle tissue which can contract/relax without conscious thought
Nerve tissue controls muscle contractions
Contractions slowly move along food

15. Stomach Holds and churns food
Lining of inside of stomach has cells that produce digestive enzymes and acid
Layers of smooth muscle tissue contract to mix stomach contents

16. Small Intestine After stomach in digestive tract
Composed of smooth muscle
6m long, and narrow
Goblet cells secrete mucus
Does most digestion of food, and almost all absorption of nutrients

17. Large Intestine 1.5m long, and wider than small intestine
Absorbs water after digestion
Waste left-over goes to rectum where it is packed and stored temporarily
Then anus, and out!

18. Accessory organs Liver Produces bile (which breaks down fat in food)
Gallbladder
Where bile is stored
Pancreas
Creates an enzyme called insulin to help regulate the concentration of sugar in our blood (either helps store it or send it to cells)

19. Digestive System Disorders
Cancers
Ulcers
Diarrhea
Constipation
Lactose intolerance
Heartburn / Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Irritable bowel syndrome

20. THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

21. Musculoskeletal system
Muscular system
Skeletal System

22. The musculoskeletal system includes all of the bones and muscles in a body.
It supports, protects, and moves the body.

23. Function of the Skeletal System
Protection
protect vital organs in the body (eg. skull protects brain, spine protects spinal cord, ribs protect heart and lungs
Blood-cell production
bone marrow in large bones produce blood cells and releases them into the blood stream

24. Support for your muscles Movement
Mineral storage
- bones made up of calcium and phosphorus giving bones strength and rigidity
Support for your muscles
Movement

25. Components of the Skeletal System
The skeleton is composed of 3 types of connective tissue.
Bone
Ligaments
Cartilage

26. Bone The human skeleton is composed of 206 bones Hard and dense tissue
Bone is composed of bone cells within a matrix of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) and collagen fibers
If your diet is not high in minerals, your body will absorb Ca and P from your bones causing them to weaken

27. Structure of Bone
Canals inside the bones contain nerves and blood vessels
Only a small percentage of the bone tissue is actually living

28. Ligaments (connect bone to bone)
are strong tough elastic bands of connective tissue that can stretch
Hold bones and movable joints together
surround the joint to give support and limit the joint's movement

29. Cartilage
hard but slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they meet to form a joint.
made up of cells and collagen fibres and is wear-resistant
helps reduce the friction of movement by allowing bones to glide over one another
Absorbs the energy from the shock of physical movement
Found in:
Ears, nose, esophagus, joints,
disks between vertebrae

30. Muscles Bones need muscles to move them
There are about 600 muscles in the human body
Made up of bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins

31. Muscle

32. Tendons (connect muscle to bone)
another type of tough connective tissue on each side of a joint attach to muscles that control movement of the joint.

33. Types of Muscles Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle
involuntary
in heart
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary
in lining of organs (stomach,
esophagus, uterus, intestines)
Skeletal Muscle
voluntary
Attached to bone (bicep, tricep, deltoid)

34. Antagonistic Muscles One contracts while the other relaxes
Work together to move bones
Ex. Bicep and tricep, hamstring and quadricep

35. Problems with the Musculoskeletal System
Arthritis
Osteoporosis
Broken bones
Torn ligaments
Torn tendons