1. Bell Work #7
What SPECIFICALLY do you feel we need to go over from this chapter?

2. Ch. 6 Religion: Overview

3. Universalizing vs. Ethnic Religions
Global, attempt to appeal to all people wherever they may live
Examples?
Ethnic
Appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place

4. Atheism vs. Agnosticism
Belief that God does not exist
Agnosticism
Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists

5. Branch, Denomination, Sect
Branch – large and fundamental division within a religion
Examples?
Denomination – division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
Sect – relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

6. Monotheism vs. Polytheism
One God
Examples?
Polytheism
Multiple Gods

7. Origin/Diffusion of Religions
Universalizing - Precise places of origin based on events in the life of man
Ethnic – unknown origins/dates
Diffusion of ethnic religions – limited, lack missionaries dedicated to spreading religion
Diffusion of ethnic religions happens mostly through relocation diffusion

8. Christianity
More than 2 billion adherents – most widely followed religion
North America, South America, Europe, Australia, parts of Africa and Asia
Branches
Roman Catholic (51%)
Eastern Orthodox (11%)
Protestant (24%)

9. Where are the branches distributed?
Roman Catholic
Southwest/eastern Europe, Latin America, Southwestern/northeastern US, Quebec
Orthodox
East/southeast Europe
14 Self-governing churches, the largest?
Protestant
Northwest Europe

10. Protestant denominations in the US
Baptist?
The southeast
Lutheran?
Upper Midwest
Latter-day Saints?
Another name?
West – Utah and surrounding states

11. Origin/Beliefs of Christianity
Founder?
Jesus Christ – born in Bethlehem, died in Jerusalem, rose from the dead, Resurrection from dead provides people with hope for salvation
Differences between the branches
Roman Catholic – follow bible as well as church hierarchy (pope)
Orthodox – split from Roman church in 5th C as result of rivalry with the pope
Protestant – Reformation in 16th C, disagreed with Catholic teachings

12. Diffusion of Christianity
Hierarchical
Dominance of Christianity throughout Roman Empire
Relocation
Missionaries, Colonization

13. First Split in Christianity, 1054 CE Western Roman empire = Roman Catholicism Eastern Roman empire = Eastern Orthodox

15. The Eastern Orthodox Church makes up 14% of Christianity and is a loose collection of 14 self-governing churches in Eastern Europe and the Middle East.
To the right are the spires of St. Basil’s Cathedral in the Kremlin of Moscow.
Notice the Orthodox cross on the onion-domed spire.

16. Roman Catholicism is the largest branch of the Christian faith
Roman Catholicism is the largest branch of the Christian faith. The Vatican in Rome is the headquarters of the Papacy and a powerful symbol to Catholics around the world.
European cities were dominated by the spires of great cathedrals and churches until the 20th century.

17. Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage
Vatican City-Pope John Paul II greeted pilgrims in St. Peter’s Square

18. Sacred Landscapes of Christianity
Catholic Churches
Are often located in the center of European cities, with spires reaching far above the other buildings.
St. Michaels, (1472) Bordeaux, France
St. Michaels (1472) in Bordeaux, France

19. Religious Landscapes in the United States

20. Islam 1.5 billion adherents North Africa, Southwest Asia, Central Asia
Other countries outside the Middle East?
Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India
Branches
Sunni
Shiite

21. Where are the branches distributed?
Sunni
83% of Muslims, largest branch, most Muslim countries in SW Asia
Shiite
16% of Muslims
90% of Iran’s population is Shiite

22. Origin/Beliefs/Diffusion of Islam
Founder?
Muhammed – Mecca
5 Pillars of Faith – one God, prayer 5 times daily, charity, fasting during Ramadan, Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca
Diffused by Muslims conquering land
Arab traders brought Islam to Indonesia

23. Islam
Islam is the 2nd largest & fastest growing religion with 1.5 billion followers.
It has 2 main sects or Split in the Faith / After Muhammad's death
Sunni (great majority)
83% of Muslims, largest branch, most Muslim countries in SW Asia /centered in Iraq
Shiite
16% of Muslims
90% of Iran’s population is Shiite
SW Asia is the heartland of Islam with 400 million followers.
In Central Asia it is found in the Central Asian Republics, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Western China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, part of the Philippines, East Africa, Bosnia and Albania in the Balkans of Europe.
India has 120 million (more than Pakistan)
Sub-Saharan Africa has 170 million Muslims

24. The Diffusion of Islam

25. The Hajj-Pilgrims circle the holy Kaaba in the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during the Hajj.

26. Minaret (for call to prayer) stands on the Sabah State Mosque in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia

27. The Dome of the Rock, with its gilded dome and octagonal base, stands in Jerusalem.
After the Great Mosque at Mecca and the Prophet’s tomb at Medina, it is Islam’s third holiest site.
According to Muslim tradition, the rock at its center was the point from which the Prophet Muhammad visited heaven one night in 619.

28. Buddhism Location? East Asia, Southeast Asia
3rd largest universalizing religion
Branches
Mahayana
Theravada
Vajrayana
Accurate number is difficult to count because primarily only monks participate in religious functions, people can be a believer in Buddhism but also other Eastern religions

29. Buddhist Beliefs Founder? Siddhartha Guatama – present day Nepal
Four Noble Truths
Suffering leads to reincarnation
Endless cycle of reincarnation until Nirvana is attained through an Eightfold Path

30. Hinduism Universalizing or ethnic?
3rd largest religion – 900 million adherents
Location?
90% in India, others in Bangladesh and Nepal
Allegiance to a particular god or concept within a broad range of possibilities
Vaishnavism, Sivaism are the largest

31. Origin of Hinduism No specific founder
Existed prior to recorded history
1500 BC – earliest surviving documents

32. Judaism Universalizing or ethnic? 14 millions adherents
United States/Israel
Christianity and Islam have roots in Judaism

33. Diffusion of Judaism
Different than other ethnic religions, practiced in many countries
Romans forced them to disperse
Diaspora

34. Sacred Sites of Jerusalem
Jerusalem is sacred to three major religions:
Judaism (Western Wall)
Christianity (Church of the Holy Sepulchre)
Islam (Dome of the Rock)

35. Western Wall, Jerusalem

37. Places of Worship

38. Sacred Places
Ethnic religions – holy places derive from the distinctive physical environment
Universalizing religions – cities and other places associated with founder’s life endowed with holiness
Islam – Mecca (birthplace of Muhammed), Medina (Muhammed’s tomb)
Hinduism – tirtha (pilgrimage), Mt. Kailas, Ganges River – holiest river

39. Disposing of the dead
Christians, Muslims, Jews usually bury dead in a cemetery
Cemeteries can consume significant space, put pressure on agricultural land
Hindus – cremation, tends to strain India’s wood supply

40. Administration of Space
Hierarchical religion – well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units
Example?
Roman Catholic - Pope, Archbishops, Bishops, Priests
Autonomous religion – self-sufficient, little interaction between communities
Examples?
Islam, Protestantism, Judaism, Hinduism

41. Religion vs. Social Change
Globalization has exposed local residents in developing countries to values and beliefs originating in the West
Many religious adherents in developing countries view economic development as incompatible with religious values
Afghanistan – strict laws inspired by Islamic values imposed by the Taliban
India – caste system shortcomings highlighted by British administrators and Christian missionaries, efforts to provide more opportunities to lower castes more recently

42. Religion vs. Communism
Communist government of the Soviet Union pursued antireligious programs
Marxism became the official doctrine, so religious doctrine was a potential threat, religion dwindled in daily life
Fall of the Soviet Union brought religious revival to Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Buddhism in Vietnam/SE Asia Countries – neither sides of Vietnam War were sympathetic to Buddhists
Current governments have discouraged religious activities

43. Religion vs. Religion Island of Eire (Ireland)
Republic of Ireland – 87% Catholic, Northern Ireland (UK) – 46% Protestant, 40% Catholic
Catholics in Northern Ireland have been excluded from higher-paying jobs and better schools
Catholics began protesting in 1968, 3000 have been killed since then
Extremist groups disrupt daily life despite the majority of Catholics and Protestants wanting to live in peace with each other