1. Effects of Sleep Extension and Sleep Deprivation on Mood
Sara K Trach, Nora E Prindle, Sanaa H Mahfouz, Ruthie Ratcliffe, Daniel Ephrem, Guido Simonelli, Angela M Yarnell, Vincent F Capaldi, Thomas J Balkin, & Tracy Jill Doty
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Silver Spring, MD, USA
RESULTS
INTRODUCTION
7 Mood Categories
FATIGUE
VIGOR
RESTLESS-NESS
DEPRESSION
ANXIETY
ANGER
HAPPINESS
Inactive
Alert
Shaky
Depressed
Nervous
Enraged
Good
Weary
Lively
Fidgety
Discouraged
Afraid
Grouchy
Happy
Tired
Active
Jittery
Miserable
Alarmed
Furious
Satisfied
Sluggish
Spirited
Restless
Hopeless
Anxious
Irritated
Content
Drowsy
Vigorous
Agitated
Sad
Uneasy
Annoyed
Cheerful
Lazy
Energetic
On Edge
Unhappy
Insecure
Angry
Pleased
Mean Restlessness Score *
The Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metric (ANAM) is a widely used battery within the military
Includes a version of the Profile of Moods Scales (POMS)
Computerized test consisting of 7 mood categories each containing 6 mood adjectives.
The data were analyzed with a 3 (Sleep Condition) x 3 (Time) mixed linear model applied individually to each mood word category. Paired t-tests were employed for all post-hoc comparisons.
(* denotes p-value less than 0.05)
STATISTICAL METHODS
f(2,234) = 4.29, p = 0.02
Mean Vigor Score
Mean Anger Score
Research has shown that sleep deprivation negatively affects mood
Increase in fatigue1,2, depression1,2, anger2 & decrease in vigor1,2
Whereas sleep extension positively affects mood
Increase in vigor3 & decrease in fatigue3,4
To our knowledge no study has assessed mood fluctuations in participants undergoing both sleep extension and sleep deprivation.
Mean Fatigue Score * * * *
f(2,234) = 38.29, p < 0.001
f(2,234) = 22.68, p < 0.001
f(2,234) = 6.48, p = 0.002
Mean Happiness Score
Mean Depression Score
Mean Anxiety Score
Appearance of the ANAM *
HYPOTHESIS
Increase in negative mood following sleep deprivation
Increase in positive mood following sleep extension
METHODS
Mean/Frequency
[N = 27]
Age in years (SD)
24.37 (5.41)
Gender (%)
Male
Female
16 (59.3%)
11 (40.7%)
Self-reported POMS test:
Every 4 hours: 1100, 1500, 1900h
Under 3 sleep conditions:
BASELINE (BL) – 2 weeks of normal sleep
SLEEP EXTENSION (SE) – 7 consecutive nights of 10h TIB
*Participants in lab nights only
DEPRIVATION – 36h of total sleep deprivation
f(2,234) = 15.20, p < 0.001
f(2,234) = 2.26, p = 0.11
f(2,234) = 1.33, p = 0.27
Happiness x Fatigue Mean Score
Fatigue
Vigor
Restlessness
Depression
Anxiety
Anger
Happiness 1
-0.70
0.58
0.36
0.28
0.50
-0.63
-0.38
-0.33
-0.09
-0.39
0.79
0.49
0.44
0.60
-0.51
0.52
0.80
-0.49
0.54
-0.23
-0.58
Table 1: Demographics for study participants
(N = 27) BL SE
Difference
P-value
Mean
Sleep Deprivation [min (SD)]
481.3
(49.6)
(8 hrs)
564.8
(35.3)
(~9.5 hrs)
83.5
(42.2)
0.001
Table 2: Average sleep duration on BL and SE nights
R2 = 0.39
Table 3: Mood Word Category Correlations (r values)
SLEEP DEPRIVATION
(36h wake)
DAY 2
DAY 1
DAY 3
DAY 9
DAY 8
DAY 7
DAY 6
DAY 5
DAY 4
DAY 10
DAY 11
SCHEDULE OF EVENTS:
SLEEP EXTENSION
(7 nights of 10h TIB)
BASELINE
(TIB 8h TIB)
CONCLUSION
The results support Hypothesis 1 as the negative mood ratings: FATIGUE, RESTLESSNESS, and ANGER all increased following sleep deprivation. Additionally, positive mood ratings decreased following sleep deprivation.
The results do not support Hypothesis 2, because with the exception of FATIGUE, sleep extension did not significantly reduce negative mood word ratings or increase positive mood word ratings compared to baseline.
TESTING
These results confirm that both negative and positive mood ratings are impacted by sleep loss.
REFERENCES
Test Battery Time Points
Scott, J. P., McNaughton, L. R., & Polman, R. C. (2006). Effects of sleep deprivation and exercise on cognitive, motor performance and mood. Physiology & behavior, 87(2),
Short, M. A., & Louca, M. (2015). Sleep deprivation leads to mood deficits in healthy adolescents. Sleep Medicine, 16(8),
Mah, C. D., Mah, K. E., Kezirian, E. J., & Dement, W. C. (2011). The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players. Sleep, 34(7),
Kamdar, B. B., Kaplan, K. A., Kezirian, E. J., & Dement, W. C. (2004). The impact of extended sleep on daytime alertness, vigilance, and mood. Sleep medicine, 5(5),
1100
1500
1900
DISCLAIMER: The views of the authors are their own and do not purport to reflect the position of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense (para 4-3, AR 360-5).