1. Urban Patterns
Ch. 9

2. Why are Services Cluster Downtown

3. The Central Business District (CBD)
Downtown city areas
Very compact but contains a large percentage of public, business and consumer services
Easiest part of the city to reach
Oldest district, usually near origin of the settlement

4. Services are attracted to the CBD because of its accessibility
Grand Central Station LA
Coming soon to LA?
CBD’s are located at the heart of transportation networks; larger cities often feature specialized CBD transportation, like subways or trolleys.

6. FIGURE: CBD OF WILKES-BARRE, PENNSYLVANIA

7. Competition for Space in CBD’s
Les Cours Mont-Royal centre Montreal
Competition for Space in CBD’s
High demand for the limited space in the CBD has encouraged vertical development
Underground CBD
Skyscrapers
Made possible by
Elevator
Steel
Artificial lighting
Air-conditioning

9. First skyscrapers were built in Chicago in the 1880s, made possible from several inventions, including the elevator, steel girders, and glass structures because they blocked light and air movement.
Image: The Home Insurance Building completed in 1885 and located on the corner of Adams and La Salle Streets in Chicago, Illinois , went down in history as the worlds first modern skyscraper. Designed by engineer William LeBron Jenney.
The Home Insurance Building stood until 1931, when it was demolished to make way for another skyscraper, the Field Building (now known as the LaSalle Bank Building).

10. Distribution of People in Urban Areas

11. Models of Urban Structure: A. Concentric Zone Model by Burgess
Concentric Zone Model was the first to explain the distribution of different social groups within urban areas
Model suggests that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings
These rings surround the CBD

12. Concentric Zone Model by Burgess
Non residential activities are concentrated
Industry and low income housing
Working class homes, Modest older houses occupied by working class families
Spacious homes for middle class families
Beyond the continuous built up area of the city, where people live in small communities and commute to work.

13. Geographic Applications of the Models: Concentric Zones in Houston

14. Models of Urban Structure: B. Sector Model by Hoyt
The Sector Model suggests a city develops in a series of sectors, not rings.
As a city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or sector, from the center.

15. City grows in a series of wedges or corridors which extend out from the CBD
Certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities, originally because of an environmental factor or even by chance
Best housing is found in a corridor extending from downtown to the outer edge of the city.
Industry and retailing activities develop around good transportation lines
Sector Model by Hoyt

16. Geographic Applications of the Models: Sector Model in Houston

17. Models of Urban Structure:. C
Models of Urban Structure: C. Multiple Nuclei Model by Harris and Ullman
The Multiple Nuclei Model suggests a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.
Ex: ports, universities, parks, airports

18. Multiple nuclei model by Harris and Ullman
Theory states sine activities are attracted to particular nodes, whereas others try to avoid them.
Ex. A university node may attract well educated residents, pizzerias, bookstores, whereas an airport may attract hotels and warehouses
On the other hand heavy industry and high income housing rarely exist in the same neighborhood

19. Geographic Applications of the Models: Multiple Nuclei Model in Houston

21. Limitation of the Models
None of the three models explain why different types of people live in distinctive parts of a city
Models may be too simple and fail to consider the variety of reasons that lead people to select particular residential locations.
Critics question the relevance to contemporary urban patterns
Combining the models better assist geographers in explaining where different types of people live in a city.

22. Applying Models in Europe
Less dominated by skyscrapers (restricted)
Sectors
In Europe, the wealthy still live in the inner portions of the upper- class sector (not the suburbs)
Concentric Zones
In Europe, most of the new housing built in the suburbs is high-rise apt buildings for low-income people and recent immigrants

23. Wealthy people live in inner circle
Best shops, restaurants, cafes, culture in the city center
Poor people live on the outskirts of city
High rise, space saving structures to avoid urban sprawl
FIGURE SECTORS IN PARIS, FRANCE Wealthier people live in the center and to the southwest sector, often above sidewalk cafés and other consumer services.

24. European Cities: Paris – Concentric Zones

25. European Cities: Paris –Sectors
As in U.S. urban areas, higher- income people cluster in a sector in the Paris region

26. European Cities: Paris – Multiple Nuclei
In contrast to U.S. urban areas, most ethnic and racial minorities reside in the suburbs of Paris.

27. Applying Models in Developing Countries
The poor are accommodated in suburbs.
Informal settlements/squatter settlements
The wealthy live near the center of the city, as well as in a sector extending from the center.

28. Stages of Cities in Developing Countries: Precolonial Cities
Before the Europeans established colonies, most people lived in rural settlements
There were only a few principal cities in Latin America, Asia and Africa
Ex: Tenochtitlan, Mexico (present-day now Mexico City)

29. Stages of Cities in Developing Countries: Colonial Cities
European colonizers expanded existing cities to provide colonial services
Since independence, cities have become the focal points of change, often attracting millions of migrants in search of work.
Has lead to an uneven population distribution

30. The South American City
SA cities blend traditional elements of SA culture with globalization forces that are reshaping the urban scene, combining radial sectors and concentric zones
The thriving CBD anchors the model
Shantytowns are unplanned groups of crude dwellings that develop around cities