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Voyages of Discovery Main Idea
During the 1400s and 1500s European explorers—inspired by greed, curiosity, and the desire for glory, and aided by new technologies—sailed to many previously unknown lands.
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Foundations of Exploration
Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe Spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration Search for wealth Faster routes to Asia Fame, glory, and honor Spread Christian faith Curiosity and adventure Drive to Explore New navigation systems Improved shipbuilding Larger cargo Swifter caravel ship Advance Tech Portugal – Sir Henry, de Gama Spain – Columbus, Magellan England – Drake, Hudson France – Cartier Dutch The Explorers
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Explorers and their Routes
Chapter 16, section 1, pages
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Conquest and Colonies Main Idea Reading Like a Historian
The countries of Europe established colonies in the lands they had discovered but, in some cases, only after violently conquering the native people who lived there. Reading Like a Historian Passages from student activity toolkit Primary source from page 80 Recruiting pamphlet from page 82 How did the European drive for colonies effect the native people of the Americas?
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Building Empires Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas Consequences for Native Peoples First areas settled Introduced encomienda system Conquistadors looked to mainland Viceroys ruled for King Spain in Caribbean Difficult to settle Treaty of Tordesillas limited territory Portugal in Brazil French traders establish Canada Dutch set up trade in Northeast British settlers along the east coast North America
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New Patterns of Trade The Exchange of Goods Sharing Discoveries
Colonies in the Americas led to the exchange of new types of goods, new patterns of trade, and new economic systems in Europe. Contact between the two groups led to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease—the Columbian Exchange. Plants, animals developed in very different ways in hemispheres Europeans—no potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, turkeys People in Americas—no coffee, oranges, rice, wheat, sheep, cattle The Exchange of Goods Arrival of Europeans in Americas changed all this Previously unknown foods taken back to Europe Familiar foods brought to Americas by colonists Sharing Discoveries The introduction of beasts of burden to the Americas was a significant development from the Columbian Exchange. The introduction of the horse provided people in the Americas with a new source of labor and transportation.
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New Economic Ideas Mercantilism Capitalism
Possible because of colonial resources More places to sell goods Governments could provide subsidies to help start new industry Competition for new (and between) colonies New economic classes and move toward cities Mercantilism Activities carried out by individuals in order to gain profit Overseas trade made merchants rich and powerful New business investments Creation of joint stock companies Rising prices and supply of money Capitalism
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Origins of the Slave Trade
Slavery has existed in many parts of the world People forced into slavery came from different walks of life Farmers, merchants, priests, soldiers, or musicians; fathers and mothers, sons and daughters. Shortage of labor in Americas led to beginning of Atlantic slave trade European planters needed workers on sugar, tobacco plantations Beginnings Planters first used Native Americans; European diseases killed millions 1600s, used indentured servants Expensive to support workers Native Americans Millions forcibly taken to Americas Most from coast of West Africa Some exchanged for firearms, goods Others kidnapped on raids by traders African Slaves
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Captured Africans became part of network called the triangular trade
Trade Network Captured Africans became part of network called the triangular trade First leg of triangle, ships carrying European goods to Africa to be exchanged for slaves Second leg, Middle Passage, brought Africans to Americas to be sold Third leg carried American products to Europe Some slave traders from Americas sailed directly to Africa, not following triangular route
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Middle Passage Ordeal Horrific Conditions
Middle Passage, terrifying ordeal Captive Africans chained together, forced into dark, cramped quarters below ship’s decks Could neither sit nor stand Journey lasted three to six weeks, ten to twenty percent did not survive Ordeal Olaudah Equiano wrote about conditions on slave ship: “The stench of the hold…was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time… “The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole scene of horror almost inconceivable.” Horrific Conditions
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The Impact of the Columbian Exchange on Europe and the Americas
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