1. Anatomy and Physiology
Jenna Bidoglio, ATC
Belleville High School

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Objective: Students will demonstrate the ability to:
Locate bones and muscles of the musculoskeletal system.  
Identify the actions of major muscles of the body and demonstrate those actions.
Identify the different types of bones and examples of each
Identify the different types of joints and examples of each
Explain the functions of different joints based on structure and shape

3. Anatomy and Physiology
The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.
The way in which a living organism or bodily part functions.

4. Human Anatomy
Coronal Plane: an imaginary plane dividing the body into dorsal and ventral parts
Sagittal Plane: divides the body into left and right
Transverse Plane: divides the body into superior and inferior parts

5. Human Anatomy Anatomical Position: neutral position of reference
Standing upright
Legs together, knees straight
Toes pointing forwards
Arms by the sides
Palms facing forwards

6. Human Anatomy Anterior: Posterior: Dorsal: Ventral: Superior:
Inferior:
Proximal:
Distal:

7. Human Anatomy Anterior: near the front Posterior: near the back
Dorsal: the back
Ventral: the abdominal surface
Superior: further above
Inferior: lower in position
Proximal: nearer the center of the body
Distal: situated away from the center
Medial: in the middle
Lateral: sides

8. Human Anatomy Movements Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction
Rotation (internal/external, lateral/medial)
Circumduction
Inversion/Eversion
Pronation/Supination

9. Human Anatomy Flexion: the act of bending (decreasing the angle)
Extension: the act of straightening (increasing the angle)
Abduction: movement away from the body
Adduction: movement toward the body
Circumduction: movement in a circular direction
Inversion: turning inward
Eversion: turning outward
Pronation: turning down
Supination: turning up

10. Human Anatomy Skeletal System 206 bones in the human skeleton
Axial skeleton – core of the skeleton
Skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
Appendicular skeleton
Shoulder, arms, pelvis, legs

11. Human Anatomy Bone Functions Protection – protect organs
Brain/Skull, Heart/Ribs
Shape – provide the framework for the body
Movement – work with skeletal muscle, tendons, and ligaments by acting as levers

12. Human Anatomy Types of Bones:
Long bone: having a body which is longer than it is wide
Example: femur, humerus, metatarsals
Short bone: having a body as long as it
is wide, provide stability
Example: carpals and tarsals

13. Human Anatomy
Flat bones: strong, flat plates of bone with the main function of providing protection to the bodies vital organs and being a base for muscular attachment
Example: Scapula, sternum, cranium
Irregular bones: do not fall into any other category, due to their non-uniform shape
Example: vertebrae, sacrum, mandible

14. Human Anatomy
Sesamoid bones: short or irregular bones, embedded in a tendon

15. Human Anatomy What is a joint? Types of joints:
A joint is the point where two or more bones meet
Types of joints:
Fibrous (immovable)
Cartilaginous (partially movable)
Synovial (freely movable)

16. Human Anatomy Fibrous Joint Cartilaginous Joint
Joint held together by only a ligament
Radioulnar joint, tibiofibular joint
Cartilaginous Joint
the connection between the articulating bones is made up of cartilage

17. Human Anatomy Synovial Joint
The most common joint within the human body
Highly moveable and all have a synovial capsule (collagenous structure) surrounding the entire joint, a synovial membrane (the inner layer of the capsule) which secretes synovial fluid (a lubricating liquid) and cartilage known as hyaline cartilage which pads the ends of the articulating bones

18. Human Anatomy 6 Types of synovial joints: Hinge Pivot Ball and socket
Saddle
Condyloid
Gliding

19. Human Anatomy Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Movement: Flexion/Extension
Example: Elbow, Knee
Pivot Joint
Movement: rotation of one
bone around another
Example: Top of neck (atlas C1, Axis C2)

20. Human Anatomy Ball and Socket Joint
Movement: Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal and external rotation
Example: Shoulder, Hip

21. Human Anatomy Saddle Joint Condyloid Joint
Movement: Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Circumduction
Example: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Condyloid Joint
Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Circumduction
Example: Wrist/metacarpophalangeal & metatarsophalangeal joints

22. Human Anatomy Gliding Joints Movement: gliding movement
Example: intercarpal joints

23. Human Anatomy Objectives Students will demonstrate the ability to:
Identify the different types of muscle
Explain each of the different types of muscle contractions
Demonstrate anatomical movements at many different joints

24. Human Anatomy
Muscle:  band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human or animal that has the ability to contract, producing movement in or maintaining the position of parts of the body
Voluntary vs. Involuntary
Three types of muscle:
Cardiac (involuntary)
Smooth (involuntary)
Skeletal (voluntary)

25. Human Anatomy Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle
Myocardium: responsible for the heart’s pumping action
Smooth Muscle
Found in the walls of hollow organs in the body
Example: smooth muscle of the alimentary canal (the digestive tract) facilitates the waves that move swallowed food and nutrients
Skeletal Muscle
These muscles attach to and move bones by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system

26. Human Anatomy Ligament Tendon
a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.
Tendon
a flexible but inelastic cord of strong tissue attaching a muscle to a bone

27. Human Anatomy

28. Human Anatomy
Muscles act on bones to create movement by contracting and relaxing
Muscles can pull bones but they can not push them
Work in pairs (agonist and antagonist)
Biceps/Triceps
One contracts while the other relaxes
Synergist – work with agonist muscle to assist in movement

29. Human Anatomy Types of muscle contraction:
Isometric – no movement because load on the muscle exceeds tension generated
Isotonic - movement does take place because the tension on the muscle exceeds the load
Concentric – movement occurs as the muscle shortens
Lifting a weight
Eccentric - contraction which results in the muscle lengthening
Slowly lowering a weight