1. Percent Composition & Empirical & Molecular Formulas

2. Molecular Formulas The molecular formula
Shows the actual number of each type of atom in a compound
Not always the simplest formula
Ex: C6H12O6 = glucose
Contains 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen and 6 atoms of oxygen in 1 molecule

3. Empirical Formulas The empirical formula
Is the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms.
Is calculated by dividing the subscripts in the actual (molecular) formula by a whole number to give the lowest ratio.
Glucose
C6H12O6  6 = C1H2O1 = CH2O
molecular formula empirical formula

4. Some Molecular and Empirical Formulas
The molecular formula is the same or a multiple of the empirical.

5. You Try…
1. What is the empirical formula for C4H8? 2. What is the empirical formula for C8H14? 3. Which is a possible molecular formula for CH2O? a) C4H4O4 b) C2H4O2 c) C3H6O3 4. A compound has an empirical formula SN. If there are 4 atoms of N in one molecule, what is the molecular formula? Explain.

6. 3 Steps for determining Chemical Formulas
Determine the percent composition of all elements.
Convert this information into an empirical formula
Find the true number of atoms/ elements in the compound (Molecular Formula)

7. Percent Composition Review
Is the percent by mass of each element in a formula.
Example: Calculate the percent composition of CO2.
CO2 = 1(12.01g/mol) + 2(16.00 g/mol) = g/mol)
12.01 g C x = % C
44.01 g CO2
2(16.00) g O x = % O
44.01 g CO %

8. You Try…
What is the percent composition of lactic acid, C3H6O3, a compound that appears in the blood after vigorous activity?
The chemical isoamyl acetate C7H14O2 gives the odor of pears. What is the percent carbon in isoamyl acetate?

9. Solution 5
STEP 1: Calculate Molar Mass (Mr) 3C(12.01) + 6H(1.008) + 3O(16.00) = g/mol STEP 2: Calculate % Composition for each element %C = g C x 100 = 40.00% C g %H = g H x 100 = 6.714% H %O = g O x 100 = 53.29% O

10. Solution 6
Molar mass C7H14O2 = 7C(12.01) + 14H(1.008) + 2O(16.00) = g/mol Total C = 7C(12.01) = 84.07g % C = total g C x 100 total g % C = g C x 100 = % C g

11. BRAIN BREAK: Hands 1. Stand Up.
This Brain Break seems simple.  However, you will find out soon that you will have a hard time mastering it.  
1.  Stand Up.
2.  Start by waving your right hand in front of you left to right.  Your palm should be facing away from you while keeping your hand with your fingers pointing up. 
3.  Now stop that hand and have your left hand in front of you waving it up and down.  
4.  Now practice moving them at the SAME TIME.  Do not move your hands going diagonally.  
5.  Now switch to have your right hand up and down and your left hand left and right.  Do this faster and switch often to make it more difficult.
6.  Lastly, to increase the difficulty, have your arms crossed while doing this. 

12. Calculating Empirical Formula
If given % composition, assume 100 g of sample
Convert mass of each element to moles (gmol)
Divide each of these numbers by the smallest number
If necessary, multiply by the smallest number possible to make each a whole number
These whole numbers are the subscripts in the empirical formula called mole ratio

13. Step 1: Assume 100 g of Sample 32.4% Na  32.4 g Na 22.5% S  22.5 g S
The percentage composition of a compound is found to be 32.4% sodium, 22.5% sulfur, 45.1 % oxygen. Determine the empirical formula.
Step 1: Assume 100 g of Sample
32.4% Na  g Na
22.5% S  g S
45.1% O  g O
Step 2: Convert grams to moles

14. The percentage composition of a compound is found to be 32
The percentage composition of a compound is found to be 32.4% sodium, 22.5% sulfur, 45.1 % oxygen. Determine the empirical formula.
Step 3: Divide by smallest mol
1.41 mol Na mol S mol O
Step 4: If necessary, multiply by the smallest number possible to make each a whole number
Step 5: Write Empirical Formula
Na2SO4

15. Step 1. Assume 100 g of Sample:
The percentage composition of acetic acid is found to be 39.9% C, 6.7% H, and 53.4% O. Determine the empirical formula of acetic acid.
Step 1. Assume 100 g of Sample:
39.9% C  g C
6.7% H  g H
53.4% O  g O
Step 2. Convert grams to moles

16. The percentage composition of acetic acid is found to be 39. 9% C, 6
The percentage composition of acetic acid is found to be 39.9% C, 6.7% H, and 53.4% O. Determine the empirical formula of acetic acid.
Step 3: Divide by smallest mol
3.32 mol C mol H mol O
Step 4: If necessary, multiply by the smallest number possible to make each a whole number
Step 5: Write Empirical Formula
CH2O

17. You Try
Phosphoric acid is found in some soft drinks. A sample of phosphoric acid contains g of hydrogen, g of phosphorus, and g of oxygen. What is the empirical formula for phosphoric acid?
H3PO4

18. BRAIN BREAK: The Crab
Directions: 1. Stand Up 2. Put your arms out in front of you and touch your fingers and thumbs together. 3. Now put lower your middle fingers so that the knuckles touch. Keep them flat against each other. 4. Now un-touch and retouch your thumbs. 5. Now un-touch and retouch your index fingers. 6. Now un-touch and retouch your ring fingers. 7. Lastly, un-touch and retouch your pinkies. Good luck. This one was difficult.

19. Converting Decimals to Whole Numbers
When the number of moles for an element is a
decimal, all the moles are multiplied by a small
integer to obtain whole number.

20. Step 1. Assume 100 g of Sample:
Aspirin is 60.0% C, 4.5 % H and 35.5 % O. Calculate its empirical formula.
Step 1. Assume 100 g of Sample:
60.0% C  g C
4.5% H  g H
35.5% O  g O
Step 2. Convert grams to moles

21. Aspirin is 60.0% C, 4.5 % H and 35.5 % O. Calculate its empirical formula.
Step 3: Divide by smallest mol
5.00 mol C mol H mol O
Step 4: If necessary, multiply by the smallest number possible to make each a whole number
Step 5: Write Empirical Formula
C9H8O4

22. Your Turn
A compound consists of 72.2% magnesium and 27.8% nitrogen by mass. What is the empirical formula of the compound?
Mg3N2

23. Calculating Molecular Formula From Empirical Formula
Find the empirical formula mass by adding up the weights of the atoms in the empirical formula.
Divide the molecular mass by the formula mass. This number tells you how many times the empirical formula is repeated to make the molecular formula.

24. Calculating Molecular Formula From Empirical Formula

25. Your Turn
Ibuprofen, a common headache remedy, has an empirical formula of C7H9O and a molar mass of approximately 215 g/mol. What is the molecular formula for ibuprofen?
C14H18O2

26. Calculating Molecular Formula & Empirical Formula
A mixture of cyclopropane gas and oxygen is used in an anaesthetic. Cyclopropane contains 85.7% C, and 14.3% H by mass. The molecular mass is 42.0 g/mol. What is the empirical and molecular formula of the cyclopropane? 
= 1 C
Empirical
CH2
= 2 H

27. Calculating Molecular Formula & Empirical Formula
A mixture of cyclopropane gas and oxygen is used in an anaesthetic. Cyclopropane contains 85.7% C, and 14.3% H by mass. The molecular mass is about 42.0 g/mol. What is the empirical and molecular formula of the cyclopropane?
Find the empirical formula mass 
For CH2, the formula weight is × 1.01 = 14.03 g/mol.
Divide the molecular weight by the formula weight. In this case, the molecular formula weight divided by the empirical formula weight is 42.0/14.03 ≈ 3.
3 x CH2  C3H6.

28. YOUR TURN Empirical Molecular C9H13O3N C9H13O3N
Epinephrine (adrenaline) is a hormone secreted into the bloodstream in times of danger and stress. It is 59.0% carbon, 7.1% hydrogen, 6.2% oxygen, and 7.7% nitrogen by mass. Its molar mass is about 180 g/mol. Find the empirical and molecular formulas of epinephrine.
Empirical
C9H13O3N
Molecular
C9H13O3N