1. Status of national system for control of radioactive sources: Malaysia
Sustaining Cradle-to-Grave Control of Radioactive Sources (INT-9182) Workshop on implementation of a national cradle-to-grave control system for radioactive sources IAEA, Vienna, 13 – 17 March 2017, Room C1
Status of national system for control of radioactive sources: Malaysia
Ahmad Hasnulhadi Che Kamaruddin
Muhammad Fathi Sujan
Waste Technology Development Centre (WasTeC)
Waste and Environmental Technology Division (BAS)
Malaysian Nuclear Agency

2. in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017
OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

3. in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017
Governmental
Authorities
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation
Policy and legislative matters
Appropriate Authority
Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB) for dealing with ionizing radiation in non-medical applications.
Director General of Health for the use of ionizing radiation in medical applications.
Malaysian Nuclear Agency
TSO, Waste Management
Atomic Energy Licensing Board
Regulator-Non Medical
Ministry of Health
Regulator- for Hospitals
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

4. National Policy & Strategy
National policy and strategy on radioactive waste management had been prepared and submitted ; waiting for approval from Malaysian Government
AELB Board Meeting on August 24th, 1990 has endorsed interim policies and strategies on radioactive waste management as follows :
1) Return to supplier/manufacturer
2) Kept or stored at licensee’s premise
3) Send to the National Radioactive Waste Management Centre (Malaysian Nuclear Agency)
This interim policy is parallel with the “Atomic Energy Licensing (Radioactive Waste Management) Regulations 2011”. In addition, on 29 Feb 2008, the IAEA Safety Fundamental SF-1 had also been adopted in addition to the Radioactive Waste Management Regulations 2011
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

5. Legislation and Regulatory Infrastructures in Malaysia
Hierarchy of Malaysian Legal System
Orders and
Conditions of License
Guidelines, Codes
and Standards
Atomic
Energy
Licensing
Act (1984 )
(ACT 304)
• Act provides for the basic law for regulation and control of atomic energy, for establishment of standards on liability for nuclear damage and for matters connected therewith or related thereto.
• Regulations provide more detailed provisions entrusted by the Act.
Regulations
• Provides additional requirements which are not stated in the regulations or special matters related to provisions entrusted by the Act
• Provides guides, codes and standards to comply with and achieve goals imposed in regulations
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

6. Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304)
means individual, partnership, private or public body
means any nuclear fuel, radioactive
product or radioactive waste
Under Subsection 12(1) of the Act 304 -
“No person shall:
site, construct of operate a nuclear installation;
deal in, possess or dispose of any radioactive material, nuclear material, prescribed substance or irradiating apparatus,
unless he is the holder of a valid licence issued by the appropriate authority.
means any activity involving the manufacturing, trading, producing, processing, purchasing, owning, using, transporting, transferring, handling, selling, storing, importing or exporting
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

7. in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017
“Provisions in ACT Definition of Radioactive Waste
Substances or items which if not waste is considered radioactive material
Substances or items which was contaminated during production, storage, or use of radioactive or nuclear materials, or prescribed substances
Substances or items which was contaminated by mean of contact or by being in the vicinity of any other radioactive waste in the context of the above interpretation
“Provisions in ACT Disposal of Radioactive Waste
Any radioactive waste cannot be disposed of, accumulated or transported without prior authorization in writing and subject to such conditions imposed.
The appropriate authority may direct the licensee or any person who is responsible for premises, nuclear installation, conveyance or site where any situation or condition endangering life, health, property or the environmental to adopt such measure as would eliminate or protect against such situation or condition. “
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

8. in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017
Legislation and Regulatory Infrastructures in Malaysia
Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304)
Radiation Protection (Licensing) Regulations 1986 (P.U. (A) 149)
Atomic Energy Licensing (Basic Safety Radiation Protection) Regulations 2010 (P.U.(A) 46) (replacing the old Regulation 1988)
Radiation Protection (Transport) Regulations 1989 P.U.(A) 146)
Atomic Energy Licensing (Appeal) Regulations 1990 P.U (A) 206)
Atomic Energy Licensing (Radioactive Waste Management) Regulations 2011 (P.U. (A) 274)
License Conditions
There is no requirements on SAFETY CASE for radioactive wastes predisposal and disposal in current legislation and regulatory infrastructures
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

9. in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017
Radiation Protection (Licensing) Regulations 1986
REGULATION 3: CLASSIFICATION OF LICENCE
CLASS A
CLASS B
CLASS C
CLASS D
CLASS E
CLASS F
CLASS G
CLASS H
RADIOACTIVE
MATERIAL
DISPOSAL/STORAGE
RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
BEFORE DISPOSE
NUCLEAR
MATERIAL
IRRADIATING
APPARATUS
TRANSPORTATION
IMPORT &
EXPORT
NUCLEAR
INSTALLATION
OTHERS
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
AKTIVITY
-Manufacture
-Trade in
-Produce
-Process
-Purchase
-Own
-Possess
-Transfer
-Handle
-Sell
-Store
-Import
-Export
-Manufacture
-Trade in
-Produce
-Process
-Purchase
-Own
-Possess
-Transfer
-Handle
-Sell
-Store
-Import
-Export
-Purchase
-Sell
-Trade in
-Transfer
-Import
-Export
-Possess
-Own
-Use
-Store
-Handle
-Transport
-Import
-Export
-Site
-Construct
-Pre-Operate
-Operate
-to dispose
-to store (prior -to their disposal)
-to decommission
-Maintenance
-Leak test
-Consultation
-Examination
Centre
-Training
-Activity not
covered by
Class A to G
-etc
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

10. RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT INVENTORY, ACTIVITIES, ISSUES
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

11. Use of radioactive sources in the country
Approximately how many sources are in use, and for what types of purposes? 8000 of sources are in use (NDT, gauges, irradiator & research)
What Categories of sources are used? Cat 1-5 according to IAEA security document
What is the status of any national register and or national inventory of sources? Licensee need to declare possession of sources to regulator. Online system for declaration.
Are all users or potential users required to obtain a license from the competent authority for the purchase, use and management of all sources? Yes, compulsory based on 12(1)(b) act 304
Are all sources licensed by the national competent authority? Yes
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

12. in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017
Rad-Wastes Inventory
Types of Waste
Recorded Quantities
( )
Remarks
DSRS
12455 units,
(Category 1 & 2 : 4 Units)
including smoke detectors
no specific trends, disposal based on request
Solid Waste
450 m3
(un-compacted)
Repository for LILW –site screening completed
Short-lived managed within hospitals
Organic Liquid Waste
43.6 m3
Hospitals and Industries
Aqueous Liquid Waste
15,553 m3
Release after complying with the operational limit control
Radium Needles (medical)
174 units , Total activity 28.95GBq
Conditioned in 2004
(17 capsules and 2 drums)
IAEA TC INT/4/131
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

13. Total Act & Act Conc FY 2011-2015 YEARS TOTAL ACTIVITY (kBq)
ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION (kBq/m^3)
2011
247.98
1.77
2012
315.18
1.80
2013
79.10
1.13
2014
46.03
0.66
2015
23.45
0.45
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

14. in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017
Total Activity FY
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

15. Activity Concentration FY 2011 -2015
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

16. DSRS From Various Sector
INDUSTRY
MEDICAL
EDUCATION & R&D

17. Table 1: Number of DSRS from 1984 to 2016
YEAR
DSRS (UNIT)
1984
2001 57
1985 58
2002
562
1986
2003 66
1987 24
2004
231
1988
267
2005
1989 2
2006
213
1990
223
2007
1991
424
2008
276
1992
2009 64
1993
269
2010
220
1994 45
2011
1349
1995 50
2012
2940
1996 91
2013 54
1997 53
2014
3902
1998
214
2015
431
1999
182
2016
1345
2000 49
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

18. THERATRONIC-THERATRON
SHARS
NO.
MODEL
SOURCE
ACT. (Ci)
NOS
*CURRENT ACT (Ci) 1
THERATRONIC-THERATRON
CO-60
7.9890E+03
2.12E+02 2
THERATRONICS AECL
1.1350E+04
7.81E+02 3
AECL THERATRON 780
9.2480E+03
1.73E+02 4
THERATRON T780C
7.2950E+03
9.4631E+02

19. INVENTORY OF DSRS FOR BDF FROM 1984 – 2016
R/N
Half-life (y)
No. of sources
Current Activity (13/01/17)
GBq (Ci)
Fe-55
2.7 31
1.0 (0.027)
Co-57
0.742 20
5.97 E-02 (1.61E-03)
*Co-60
5.27
419
43.0 (1.16)
*Ni-63 96 23
7.92 (0. 21)
*Kr-85
10.7 62
278.0 (7.52)
*Sr-90
29.1
535
65.1 (1.76)
Cd-109
1.27 35
0.37 (0.01)
Ba-133 1
2.13E-04 (5.75E-06)
*Cs-137 30
325
512.5 (13.85)
Pm-147
2.62 88
3.54 (0.096)
Tl-204
3.78 89
5.14E-04 (1.39E-05)
Po-210
0.379
385
9.08E-03 (2.46E-04)
*Pb-210
22.3 45
3.44E-04 (9.29E-06)
*Ra-226
1600
629
32.5 (0.879)a
105 (2.83)b
*Am-241
432
10 241
161.0 (4.35)
Number of DSRS : units!!!
(From records)

20. Main radionuclides considered for BDF (from different purposes)
Applications
No. of sources
Cs-137
Brachytherapy 44
Radiotherapy 6
Radiography 1
Well logging
Industrial gauges
137
Analyzer
Calibration sources (incl. cup source)
135
Total
325
Ra-226
Brachytherapy / Radium needles
213
Lightning arrester 87
Smoke detectors
152
177
629
Am-241 7
9808 62
Electron capture device incl. analyzer
358
10241

21. National Interim Storage Facility
The storage facility was built in year 2000 with a area of 600m2
It can accommodate 2100 drums or 420m3 of compacted waste.

22. Security of Storage Facility
An Integrated system for ensuring safety and security of Storage Facility :
Physical Security
Double fencing with anti-climb internal fencing and razor-wire
Vibration sensor for internal fencing connected to intrusion-alarm system
Restricted access to area and CCTV-monitored

23. Arrangements for DSRS Subject Description
Low Level Effluent Treatment Plant (LLETP)
Interim Storage Facility
Open storage
Decay storage
Liquid, DEHPA
DSRS, solid (491 unit -200L drums)
Plasma incinerator pilot plant
2 unit of contaminated tanks (20m3 per tank); oil sludge;
10 unit of 200-litre Thorium waste (NORM);
6 unit of 200-litre concrete drum for DSRS.
Repatriation activity
On Nov 2016: Am-241/Be, Am-241, Cm-244 to US-DOE
Disposal facilities
National Radioactive Waste Repository (NRWR) for Malaysia, Borehole Disposal Facility (BDF) Project
Orphan sources
Waste characterization, sorting works
Security status
Double fencing, Intrusion alarm system, CCTV, 24/7 guarded security

24. Repatriation Activities
Repatriation of Am-241/Be was conducted on November 2016 with the agreement from the United State – Department of Energy (US-DOE)
There are 38 total of Am-241 sources. 16 of Am-241/Be as well as 3 unit of Cm-244 that were packed, shipped and repatriated to USA.
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

25. in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017
Orphan Sources
To control the safety and security of radioactive sources, the government of Malaysia has become more concerned with the “orphan” sources.
To ensure the safety, specific program had been developed to carry out investigation upon detection of radiation sources at scrap yards.
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

26. in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017
Orphan Sources (2)
AELB operates a monitoring program that ensures imported scrap metal coming to Malaysia does not contain radioactive material together with the other enforcement.
Agencies like the Royal Malaysian Custom (KDRM), Ministry of Health (MoH) and Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM).
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

27. in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017
Orphan Sources (3)
AELB had developed training lit on the aspects of early detection of radiation sources at national borders.
All steel melting and manufacturing companies are also required to have a radiation monitoring equipment.
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

28. Key issues and national needs
What is the most important issue in the country with respect to the safety of radioactive sources?
Accidents, incidents (stolen, missing, spillage, over-exposure), misused of sources
To make sure all the processes/procedures are complied/satisfied with good QAP practise (ownership, import/export, conditioning, disposal)
What plans are in place to resolve the issues?
Emergency Response Team (ERT); Disaster Response Team (DRT); Inventory Tracking System (e.g. RAIS, RWIDS)
Comply with guidelines and regulations set by authority body
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

29. in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017
What do you want to gain from this meeting?
National status of source inventory from other countries.
Strategies to manage the waste and to improve infrastructures / facilities for radioactive wastes.
Any technologies available to manage the wastes
Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources
in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

30. Thank you Terima kasih Danke