1. Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Amino acids
Protein structures
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary & Quaternary
Denaturation
Nucleic Acids
DNA & RNA
Nucleotides
Nucleic acid shape
ATP & Proton carriers

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Proteins
Essential for life; _____________
Most diverse molecules in living organisms
 motion/locomotion – muscles (contractile proteins)
 catalyzing reactions – enzymes
 cell structures – collagen, keratin
carrying O2 in blood – hemoglobin
Hormone signalling- receptors
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Hemoglobin protein

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5. What do proteins consist of?
Proteins are amino acid polymers (long string of bonded amino acids  polypeptides) folded into specific 3D shapes
_____________
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6. Amino acid general structure
Carboxyl and amino ………………
Side chains differ (make amino acids, polar, non-polar, charged-acid/base)
_____________

7. Polypeptides
Polypeptides are long chains of amino acids linked together with a peptide bond
Polypeptides are made in the cytoplasm (in the cell) during protein synthesis
many copies of the 20 a.a. are dissolved in the cytoplasm of all cells
_____________

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9. The 20 amino acids (a.a.) _____________
8 a.a. are essential – must get from food intake (tryptophan, methionine, valine, threonine, ………………)

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The 20 amino acids
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12. Proteins Made up of one or more polypeptides These ………………
The shape depends on the unique sequence of a.a.’s in the protein which have been coded by the person’s DNA
E.g. ………………

13. The structure of proteins has four layers
1) Primary structure:
_____________
Each a.a. is determined by the organisms genetic code (DNA).

14. 2) Secondary structure:
_________________
These changes are caused by hydrogen bonds forming between specific a.a.’s
………………

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4) Quaternary structure:
When 2 or more polypeptides join together to form a single functional protein (e.g. hemoglobin carries O2 in the blood)
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17. Hemoglobin structure Animation:
Oxygen Transport Video
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18. Changes in 3D shape - Denaturing
Affects H bonds, ionic bonds, disulphide bridges and hydrophobic interactions.
Can not carry out biological functions - SHAPE DETERMINES FUNCTION

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20. Protein Denaturing Video Video has been removed

21. Nucleic Acids Informational molecules
Used by all organisms to store hereditary information that determines structural and functional characteristics.
_____________

22. DNA Picture has been removed _____________ ………………
Can not leave the nucleus
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid
_____________
Can leave the nucleus, so it transports information to the protein-building ……………….
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25. Nucleotides
The difference between DNA and RNA is the O attached to the 2’ Carbon on the sugar.

26. Nitrogenous Bases There are two ………………
Pyrimidine bases are single organic rings, whereas purine bases are two-ringed organic structures.
The three pyrimidine bases are _____________
The two purine bases are _____________

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Nitrogenous Bases
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Cytosine, Adenine and Guanine are found in DNA and RNA
_____________

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29. DNA shape DNA is a double helix (2 strands) RNA is single stranded
________________
RNA is single stranded

30. DNA Structure Animation
DNA Structure Video
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31. Other important nucleotide molecules
Important intermediates in a cell’s energy transformations
______________
Nucleotide ………………