1. Delft University of Technology
The Raw Materials Conference 2017:
“NO ENERGY TRANSITION WITHOUT RAW MATERIALS”
23 June, The Hague
Materials for batteries
Erik Kelder
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Storage of Electrochemical Energy

2. Standard battery targets
High energy density – light and small
High power performance – many Watts
Cheap – may costs nothing
Safe – may not explode
Long lifetime (calendar as well as cycle life)
Reliable
Recycleable

3. Which battery for what purpose
Capacity
Applications
Primary(P)/Secondary(S) + Chemistry
Miniatures
0.10 – 2 Wh
watches, calculators, medical implants
P, Thyonyl and other exotics
Portables/
consumables
2 – 100 Wh
cellulars, toys (hover boards), laptops
S, NiCad, NiMH, Li-ion; P, Alkaline
Starting Lighting Ignition
100 – 600 Wh
Cars, trucks, etc.
S, Lead acid
Traction
20 – 630 kWh
EVs, HEVs, Plug-ins, fork lift trucks
S, NiMH, Li-ion
Li-S, Li-air, Mg-systems
Stationaries
250 Wh – 5MWh
emergency power, local energy storage, UPS
S, Lead acid (Li-ion)
Li-S, Li-air, Na+Mg-systems
Load levelling
5 – 100 MWh
peak shaving, load levelling
S, Lead acid, Li-ion,

4. Prospects (Example: EV driving range)

5. Required materials Transition metals Others Cobalt Lithium Manganese
Sodium
Iron
Aluminium
Chromium
Zink
Vanadium
Magnesium
Copper
Sulfur
Nickel
Phosphorus
Titanium
Fluor
Plastics/polymers

6. Materials issues (some examples)
Material Scarcity Sustainable Food Recycling
mining competition
LiCoO2 Co, Li ? Co X +
LiFePO Li ? X P -
Li-S Li ? S ? X ?
Na-systems X X X -
Mg-systems X X X -
Salar de Uyuni
km2
30-50% world Li reserves
3700 m over sea level

7. Materials issues (some examples)
Recycling
Food
competition
P-demands associated with projected trends in U.S. renewable transportation biofuels are very significant, and are indirect and unintentional impacts on food prices from this level of competition with other agricultural P-uses can be expected if major efforts are not made to recycle the P that is contained in the processed plant biomass

8. Can we close the ring, rather than the gap
Recycling
Governments
NL, EU, World
Energy
Costs
Industries
Knowledge
institutes
Sustainable
mining K