1. Primary sector activities
What types of jobs would be found in the primary sector?

2. Primary sector activities

3. Primary sector activities
Which type of country would one see the largest percentage of people working in primary sector jobs? What might account for this?
Least developed
Developing
More developed

4. Secondary sector activities
What types of jobs would be found in the secondary sector?

5. Secondary sector activities

6. Secondary sector activities
In which stage of Rostow’s model would you see a country applying technology and efficiency to all industries and decreased reliance upon imports?

7. What is the purpose of a city?

8. Tertiary Sector: Services

9. Services and urbanization

10. Tertiary Sector: Services
What types of services do you see in this image?

11. How far would you travel to…?

12. How far would you travel to…?

13. How far would you travel to…?

14. Services
Service = any activity that fulfills a commercial want or need
Services are located in settlements
Location of services is important for profitability
High Socioeconomic status regions tend to offer more services
Local diversity is evident in the provision of services

15. Services Three types of services Consumer services Business services
About 44 percent of all jobs in the United States
Retail and wholesale
Healthcare
Hospitality
Education
Business services
About 24 percent of all jobs in the United States
Financial services
Transportation and information
Professionals – law, engineering, accountants, etc.
Public services
About 17 percent of all jobs in the United States
Police, fire, EMS, etc.
In the United States, almost all recent employment growth has occurred in the services sector
healthcare is especially strong

16. Percentage of GDP from Services, 2005
Figure 12-1

17. Employment Change in the United States by Sector
Figure 12-2

18. Central Place Theory A.K.A. Christaller’s Theory Central Place Theory
Walter Christaller: The Central Places in Southern Germany (1933)
Central Place Theory
A theory that explains that distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.
Determines where places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns & cities) are located spatially & functionally
Establishes a central place surrounded by the market area
Helps determine the most profitable location for the location of a service.

20. Central Place Theory Assumptions
Flat & no physical barriers
Soil fertility would be the same everywhere
Population & purchasing power would be the same
Uniform transportation networks
From any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance
Christaller knew these assumptions weren’t realistic
Hexagons might not exist in reality
Distribution of settlements based on market areas, population size & distance

21. Market Areas or hinterland
The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place’s goods and services.
Market areas are good examples of functional (nodal) regions
an area organized around a node or focal point.

22. Central Place Theory: Market Area
Range: How far people are willing to travel for a service. Time of travel over the distance.
Threshold: The minimum number of people needed to support the service. The service must also take into consideration demographics

23. Optimal Market Location
Calculate range
How far are people willing to drive for a service?
Example: 10 miles for a pizza
Calculate threshold
How many people do we need to use our service to make a profit?
Example: $5,000 a week/average people spend $5 a week on pizza = people
Draw the market area
Draw the 10 mile market. If there are more than 1000 people within that 10 mile market, it should be optimal

24. Gravity model Optimal location based on population & distance
Positively related to population
More people = more interaction
Inversely related to distance
The farther people must travel = less interaction
Calculated
Interaction is proportional to the multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance between them (distance decay); based on Newton’s Law of Gravity

25. Spheres of Influence

28. Activity