1. What domestic & foreign forces threatened Qing China & Muslim States?

2. Qing
Domestic:
Bureaucratic breakdown
Exam system riddled with decline
Govt position viewed as means to gaining influence
Loss of revenue
Mid 19th Century floods = poverty & homelessness
Increase in crime

3. Foreign
European rivals
Opium trade
1839 Opium War
1842 Treaty of Nanking
1850 2nd Opium War
British gain Hong Kong
90 ports open to foreigners
Boxer Rebellion

4. Treaty of Nanking

5. 1905 civil service exam end signals end of Confucian values & Scholar Gentry
1912 Qing Dynasty Ends

6. Ottoman Decline
Early 18th Century weak leadership
Power struggle between officials, religious experts, & Janissary
Reform – Western vs. Traditional
(both viewed as means to stop decline)

8. Muhammad Ali (Egypt)
European style reform – powerful army& navy
Gained independence from Ottoman

9. Comparison
Why did the Muslim culture & state survive and not the Qing?
Muslims had faced European threat from the Middle Ages on
China- European threat was sudden & brutal

10. Muslims shared a Judeo-Christian & Greek Culture
Chinese viewed West as barbarians
Muslims had many centers. When dynasty fell it did not mean the end of Islamic independence
China’s survival based on Qing

11. Contrast in unity religious unity