1. Reproductive System
Chapter 22

2. Introduction
Both male and female reproductive systems function to produce and nurture sex cells (gametes)
Males- sperm
Females- eggs/oocytes

3. Gametes Most human cells have 46 chromosomes
Two each of chromosomes 1-22
Sex chromosomes- XX female, XY male
Sperm/egg have 23 chromosomes each
Fertilization- joining of one egg and one sperm = 46 chromosomes

4. Meiosis
Producing gametes

5. Egg/sperm

6. Sex determination Females can only give an X to her offspring
Males can give either an X or a Y

8. Male reproductive system
Primary sex organs (gonads)- testes
Accessory sex organs- internal and external

9. Male reproductive system

10. Organs Testes, scrotum- sperm and T Epididymis- maturation
Vas deferens- storage
Urethra- travel through
Accessory glands- seminal fluid production
Penis- ejaculates sperm

11. Testes Paired structures within scrotum Sperm production
Seminiferous tubules
Site of production, contains spermatogenic cells
Interstitial (Leydig) cells
Between tubules
Secrete testosterone

14. Regulation of testes by anterior pituitary and hypothalamus (LH and FSH) – causes secretion of testosterone and sperm production

15. Puberty T levels increase Maturation of sperm
Secondary sex characteristics
Larynx enlarges, vocal folds thicken
Muscle/bone development
Facial, pubic hair

16. Anabolic steroids Drugs that have similar effects to testosterone
Increase primary and secondary sexual characteristics in the short term
Watch Ben Affleck have a ‘roid meltdown (1994):

17. Epididymis/Vas deferens
Coiled tubes on top of testes
Maturation of sperm
Vas deferens
Muscular tubes for transporting sperm

18. Accessory glands
Produce other components of semen (semen is not just sperm!)
Seminal vesicles- enzymes, nutrients (fructose), neutralizes vaginal secretions
Prostate gland- enzymes, neutralizing fluid, help with sperm motility
Bulbourethral gland-
lubricates, neutralizing fluid (urine)

19. Penis
Multi-functional
Sensory nerves convey pleasure

20. Erection

21. BP treatment

23. Female reproductive system

24. Female reproductive organs
Primary (gonads)- ovaries
Accessory organs- internal and external
All organs specialized to
Produce gametes
Favorable environment for fetal development
Produce sex hormones

25. Organs
Ovaries- produce eggs (at birth), hormones (estrogen/progesterone)
Uterine (fallopian) tube- egg passes through, fertilization
Uterus- site of fetal development
Vagina- receives sperm

27. Ovaries Paired structure
Cortex- compact tissue, contains masses of cells (ovarian follicles)

28. Uterine (fallopian) tubes
Infundibulum with fimbriae
Cilia assist in transport of egg
Fertilization

29. Uterus Hollow, muscular structure Site of fetal development Layered
Lumen
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

30. External organs
Protection
Pleasure

32. Gamete production Monthly cycle Alternates between ovaries
Follicular phase- follicle growth in the ovary
Ovulation phase- ovary releases egg
Luteal phase- corpus luteum secretes hormones to prepare for pregnancy
Alternates between ovaries

33. Follicular Phase
Females are born with underdeveloped eggs, lifetime supply
FSH stimulates production of a follicle in the ovary
Follicle is basically a ball of cells that contains the egg

34. Ovulation Follicle begins secreting estrogen
Positive feedback, increases LH (outside of ovulation, estrogen typically suppresses LH)
LH surge causes release of egg

35. Luteal Phase 2-5 cm in diameter! Produces progesterone
Progesterone preps uterus for implantation
Lasts for 14 days, if no implantation
If implantation occurs, the implanted embryo secretes a hormone that tells the corpus luteum to keep producing progesterone
Progesterone inhibits LH

36. The uterus Has a cycle that corresponds with the ovarian cycle
~28 day cycle, day 1 of cycle corresponds with first day of period
Menses- sloughing off of endometrial lining

38. Ovarian activity Plasma hormonal concentration LH FSH FSH LH
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Ovarian activity
Plasma hormonal
concentration LH
FSH
FSH LH
Regressive
corpus luteum
Early
corpus luteum
Developing
follicle
Mature
follicle
Ovarian events
Corpus
albicans
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Days 1 7 14 21 28
Uterine activity
Estrogens
Plasma hormonal
concentration
Progesterone
Progesterone
Estrogens
Thickness
of endometrium
Days 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 1 3
Menstruation
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Menstruation

39. Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by maintaining high levels of estrogen and progesterone, which inhibit pituitary gland hormones and mimics pregnancy

40. Several methods of birth control

41. Fertilization

45. Fertilization/Implantation

46. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
Pregnancy via artificial means
Infertility affects 1 in 7 couples
Ranges from medications to lengthy procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF)