1. Functions and Make up of Bone
Skeletal System
Functions and Make up of Bone

2. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
State Standards
10) Synthesize information from textbooks or other biological resources on the elements of bone tissue, including bone cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts), bone matrix (collagen fibers, proteoglycans, cone morphogenic proteins), and glycoproteins (sialoprotein, osteocalcin, calcium, phosphate, alpha-glycoprotein) with the functions of each. Identify bone minerals and determine how they can change these elements during bone development.
11) Provide an accurate summary of the chief characteristics of bones, drawing on textbooks, digital resources, and observations. Examine a model (live, virtual, or graphic) of a bone. Describe how the body maintains bone integrity through remodeling and repair.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

3. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Objectives
Students will be able to
Describe the function the skeletal system and the make up of bone through creation of a bone model.
Describe the process of bone growth through completion of the Aging Hand case study.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

4. FUNCTIONS Supports body structure and provides shape to the body
Protects internal organs
Allows movement and anchorage of muscles
Provides mineral storage
Discussion: Applying what you know about the other body systems, which ones work in conjunction with the skeletal system to create movement?

5. STRUCTURE AND FORMATION OF BONE
Bones consist of microscopic cells called osteocytes
Ossification is when mineral matter starts to replace cartilage, creating bone. This happens in babies before and after birth.
Discussion: Applying what we just learned would bone be considered a living substance?
Why would a baby need a higher percentage of cartilage vs. and adult?
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

6. Make up of Bone Bone Composition A. Collagen:
chief organic component (protein)
B. Inorganic calcium salts
(Vitamin D essential for absorption of minerals i.e. calcium)
1. Deposition of calcium is caused by
a. Increase in Estrogen and testosterone
b. Mechanical stress, i.e. traction
2. Withdrawal favored by
a. Inactivity

7. Discussion
Applying what you just learned about the make up of bone, classify the following scenarios as calcium building or bone reducing. Explain why?
Puberty
Old age
Desk job
Astronaut in Space
Body Builder

8. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE
Diaphysis is the long, hollow cylinder of hard, compact bone
At each end of the diaphysis is an epiphysis
The medullary canal in the center, is filled with marrow, and is surrounded by compact or hard bones
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

9. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

10. Discussion
Bone is not a solid material. It contains air pockets and has a mesh-like appearance.
With a partner discuss…
Why do we need bones to have air pockets and a mesh-like appearance vs. being solid? What would happen to our ability to move if they were solid?

11. GROWTH
Bones grow at the grow plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis until all cartilage has become ossified into bone.
Osteoblasts are bone cells that deposit new bone
Osteoclasts are bone cells that secrete enzymes to dissolve bone structure

12. Protection of the Bone Periosteum
Dense, fibrous membrane covering bone
Contains blood vessels
Essential for bone cell survival and bone formation

13. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Discussion
With a partner discuss…. The doctor is trying to determine if Sara, who is 13 years old, is done growing. She is currently 5 foot 11 inches. He takes an x-ray of her wrists and notices cartilage at the epiphysis of the bones. Is Sara done growing yet?
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

14. Types of Bones Based on Composition
Cancellous bone (spongy bone)
Light
Low stress areas where weight of bone would be a problem
Found at ends of long bones, ribs, sternum, hips, vertebrae, cranium
Web-like arrangement

15. Types of Bone Based on Composition
Compact bone
Very dense, stress bearing
Shell around cancellous bone
Osteocytes: facilitate exchange of calcium between blood and bone
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

16. Activity
Complete the make up of Bone labeling sheet. The orange book on p. 86 is a good source. List the functions of bone on the back of the sheet.
Complete the Aging Hand Activity on the class website. You need to read the questions and find the answers. You will not be able to circle the area on the x-ray, so mentally mark your answers for questions 1-5.

17. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Skeletal System
Classifying Bones
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

18. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
State Standard
11) Provide an accurate summary of the chief characteristics of bones, drawing on textbooks, digital resources, and observations. Examine a model (live, virtual, or graphic) of a bone. Describe how the body maintains bone integrity through remodeling and repair.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

19. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Objectives
Students will be able to…
Summarize the characteristics of bone (types, markings, and divisions) through creation of a skeletal model.
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

20. Types of Bones Bones can be classified into five types based on shape:
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid

21. Types of Bones Long Bones
Greater length than width and are slightly curved for strength
Short bones
Cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width
Flat bones
Thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue
Irregular bones
Complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous categories
Sesamoid bones
Protect tendons from excessive wear and tear
Sutural bones
Small bones located in sutures of cranial bones .

22. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Bone types
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

23. Bone Surface Markings Bones have characteristic surface markings
Structural features adapted for specific functions
There are two major types of surface markings:
1) Depressions and openings
Allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves or form joints
2) Processes
Projections or outgrowths that form joints or serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

24. Joint Projections
1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection
Condyle

25. Joint Projections 2) Head: bony expansion on a narrow neck
3) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface where 2 bones meet

26. Joint Projections
4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone

27. Ligament/Tendon Projections
1) Crest: Narrow ridge of bone (Line: smaller than a crest)
2) Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle
ULNA

28. 3) Tubercle: Small rounded projection
4) Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection
5) Trochanter: very large, blunt projection
(only on femur)
Proximal Tibia

29. 6) Spine: Sharp, pointed projection
Thoracic Vertebrae

30. DEPRESSIONS Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through.
1) Meatus: (me - A- tus) Canal or tube

31. Depressions 2) Fossa: shallow basin
3) Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening

32. Depressions
4) Sinus: Cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes
5) Foramen: Round or oval opening
Foramen Magnum

33. Depressions
6) Sulcus: a shallow depression

34. Bone Surface Markings
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

35. DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
The human skeleton consists of 206 named bones
grouped into two principal divisions:
(Axial and Appendicular Skeletons)
Axial Skeleton consists of:
Skull
Spinal column
Ribs
Sternum (breast bone)
Hyoid bone

36. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

37. Appendicular Skeleton
Consists of:
bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities),
bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
© 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

39. Activity
In your small groups, you will be creating a bone model that we will use for the remainder of our lessons over the Skeletal System.
On your model you need to label an example of the different types of bone (flat, Long, Short, Irregular, and Sesamoid)
Color the components of the Axial Skeleton one color (everything but the skull-leave the skull blank) and color the Appendicular skeleton another color.
Find examples of the following bone markings on your model (it may be helpful to use the Skeletons so you can feel the depression or bumps)
Condyle, Head, Facet, Crest, Trochanter, Meatus, Fossa, Sulcus