1. Myers’ Psychology for AP*
David G. Myers
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2010
*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

2. Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

3. Unit Overview Motivational Concepts Hunger Sexual Motivation
The Need to Belong
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4. Introduction
Motivation- why do you do things?

5. Motivational Concepts

6. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology
Instinct (unlearned fixed pattern)
Instincts in animals are obvious
Instincts in humans are both physiological and
psychological

7. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Replaces instinct theory
Homeostasis- this is the point of your drives
Need –this pushes you to do stuff
Drive- hunger
Drive reduction-eating

8. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Replaces instinct theory
Homeostasis- this is the point of your drives
Need –this pushes you to do stuff
Drive- hunger
Drive reduction-eating

9. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Replaces instinct theory
Homeostasis- this is the point of your drives
Need –this pushes you to do stuff
Drive- hunger
Drive reduction-eating

10. Drives and Incentives
Incentive
Positive
attracts
Negative
repels

11. Optimum Arousal Arousal Optimum level of arousal
being alert and ready to take action, basically your brain is ready to tell your body to do something
Optimum level of arousal

12. A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Variations in the hierarchy

13. A Hierarchy of Motives

14. A Hierarchy of Motives

15. A Hierarchy of Motives

16. A Hierarchy of Motives

17. A Hierarchy of Motives

18. A Hierarchy of Motives

19. A Hierarchy of Motives

20. Hunger

21. The Physiology of Hunger
Contractions of the stomach
Washburn study (stomach ≠ hunger)

22. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Glucose
Insulin
Hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus
Bring it on
orexin
Vetromedial hypothalamus
Depress it

23. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Appetite hormones
Ghrelin (hungry signal)
Obestatin (full signal)
PYY (not hungry)
Leptin (fat signals)
Set point
Basal metabolic rate

24. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
Genetic: sweet and salty
Neophobia (Don’t like new food)
Adaptive taste preferences

25. The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge-eating disorder

26. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

27. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

28. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

29. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

30. Obesity and Weight Control
Historical explanations for obesity
Obesity
Definition
Statistics
68% of population

31. Obesity

32. Obesity

34. Children Age 2-19

35. Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity
People opinion is lower of the obese
Weight discrimination
The more obese someone is the less likely they are to get hired

36. Weight Discrimination

37. Weight Discrimination

38. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
Fat Cells- once they are there, they stay even if shrunken

39. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
Once your
Metabolism
Thinks you are
Starving it
Slows down

40. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
The genetic factor
Identical twins will have similar weights
Obese parents will be a strong indicator of obese children

41. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
The food and activity factor
Sleep loss= weight gain
Social influence
Obese friend=obese you

42. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
Food consumption and activity level
We eat more and move less
Woman eat 300 more a day and men eat 200 more calories a day than they did in 1971

44. Obesity and Weight Control Losing Weight
Realistic and moderate goals are key
10% reduction, 6 months

45. Obesity and Weight Control Losing Weight
Attitudinal changes
Some times it just boils down to accepting it
For most people obesity is not a mark of character flaws or lack of willpower

46. Sexual Motivation

47. The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle
Excitement (is rising) phase
(edge of)Plateau phase- baby danger
Orgasm
Resolution phase- return to normal
Refractory period

48. The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Effects of hormones
Development of sexual characteristics
Activate sexual behavior
Estrogen
Testosterone

49. The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Ads Clothing
Dreams
Sexual fantasies

50. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

51. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

52. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

53. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

54. Adolescent Sexuality Teen Pregnancy
Ignorance
Minimal communication about birth control
Guilt related to sexual activity
Alcohol use
Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

55. Sex Math
If Student had sex with 9 people, each of whom had sex with 9 people, who in turn had sex with 9 people, how many phantom sex partners did student have?
511

56. Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections
Statistics of STIs
1 in 4 teens infected each year
1 in 2 sexually actives will get one by age 25
1-5 will get genital herpes
1-20 will get Hep B

57. Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections
Teen abstinence
High intelligence
Religious engagement
Father presence
Participation in service learning programs

58. Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation Sexual orientation statistics
Homosexual orientation
Heterosexual orientation
Sexual orientation statistics
3.5% homosexual

59. Sexual Orientation Origins of Sexual Orientation
Origins of sexual orientation studies
Linked to problems in child relationships?
Linked to fear or hatred of other sex?
Levels of hormones?
Fraternal birth order effect
Younger brothers tend to be homosexual

60. Sexual Orientation Origins of Sexual Orientation
Same-sex attraction in animals
Occurs in hundreds of species

61. Sexual Orientation Origins of Sexual Orientation
The brain and sexual orientation
Gay men and straight women have similar brains; straight men and lesbian women have similar brains
Genes and sexual orientation
Maternally passed on
Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation- female doses produce male attraction

62. The Need to Belong

63. The Need to Belong Aiding survival Wanting to belong
Sustaining relationships
The pain of ostracism
ostracism

64. The End

65. Teacher Information Types of Files Animation
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66. Teacher Information
Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple).
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67. Teacher Information Continuity slides
Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022

68. Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
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69. Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
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70. Definition Slide
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71. Definition Slides

72. Motivation
= a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

73. Instinct
= a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

74. Drive-reduction Theory
= the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

75. Homeostasis
= a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

76. Incentive
= a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

77. Hierarchy of Needs
= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

78. Glucose
= the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

79. Set Point
= the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

80. Basal Metabolic Rate
= the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

81. Anorexia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

82. Bulimia Nervosa
= an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

83. Binge-eating Disorder
= significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

84. Sexual Response Cycle
= the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

85. Refractory Period
= a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

86. Estrogens
= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

87. Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

88. Sexual Orientation
= an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).