1. In the Name of Allah The Most Beneficent & Merciful

2. EARTHWORKS BY: HAMMAD ANIS KHAN (08-CE-53) AHMAD BUTT(08-CE-81)
ARSLAN NASIR JANJUA (08-CE-65)

3. Objectives Definition of Earthwork Purpose Types of Earthwork
Machinery required for Earthwork

4. Earthworks
Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving of massive quantities of soil or unformed rock.
Structures are only as stable as the ground on which they stand. Virtually all land development involves modification of the ground surface by:
grading
excavation
hauling
placement of rock or soil material
to create building pads, roadways, and earthen structures

5. Earthworks

6. Earthworks The most elementary earthwork comprises three phases:
cutting or extraction‚
transportation or evacuation
backfilling or dump
Compacting
Leveling
construction and trimming

7. Purpose
Structures are only as stable as the ground on which they stand. Virtually all land development involves modification of the ground surface by:
Grading, Excavation, Hauling, placement of rock or soil material to create building pads, roadways, and earthen structures.
The major purpose of the earthwork is to make a suitable well compacted and leveled platform for the structure.

8. Types of Earthworks Excavation Hauling or transporting Filling
Backfilling or dumping
Compaction
Leveling
Cutting

9. Excavation: the act of digging
Digging made in the site of a roadway or houses to be constructed, to put there the various layers needed to constitute it.
Machinery used for Excavation
Power Shovel
(Back hoe or Front )
Hydraulic excavator
Pick axe
Shovel

10. Excavation

11. Hauling Machinery used for Hauling
Hauling is the transportation of materials by mobile units.
Sometime this material is dumped nearby the site.
Sometime this material is dumped away from the site.
Machinery used for Hauling
Used for long distances
Dump trucks
Trailers
Used for short distances
Bulldozers
Scrapers
Draglines
Belt conveyor

12. Hauling units

13. Back filling
Any earth brought back to erect a platform, raise up the undisturbed soil, fill up an excavation, level a dip of ground.
Back fillings are carried out by successive layers.
In the great earthworks, each layer is vigorously compacted.
Machinery Used For Back filling
Dump Trucks
Bull Dozer
Excavator
Machinery For Compaction after Back filling
Multiwheeled Roller
Compactor
Tamping Rollers

14. Back filling

15. Compaction
Compaction in the broad civil engineering sense is usually meant to mean the increasing of the density of a material by applying compactive effort and removing the air present, i.e. decreasing air voids content.
You first need a material that is in a suitable condition to be compacted, you lay it in the correct layer thickness, and you use compaction plant capable of compacting that thickness.
A variety of rollers both in size, weight and type are available to compact soil, granular and bituminous materials.

16. Compaction

17. Leveling It is the procedure in which we gradually level the surface.
In this procedure we also provide the slope where required like: camber, super elevation and gradient.
Machinery used for leveling:
Grader
Dozer
Compactor

18. Leveling

19. Cutting Machinery Used For Cutting: Excavator Drag Line Pick Axe
The cuttings provide a direct route through higher ground, both through evenly sloped earth cuttings planted with trees and steep sided rock cuttings.
Machinery Used For Cutting:
Excavator
Drag Line
Pick Axe

20. Machinery Used For Earthworks
Power Shovel
Back hoe Loader
Hydraulic Excavator
Sheep Foot Roller
Roller
Drag line
Belt conveyors
Scraper
Grader
Bull Dozer
Loader
Water tanker
Dump Trucks
Rippers

21. Machinery

22. Machinery

23. THANK YOU