1. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11th edition
Chapter 10
The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11th edition

2. The Brain Cerebrum – largest part of brain
Divided into right and left hemispheres
Each hemisphere is divided into lobes
Diencephalon – area between cerebrum and brainstem
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Brain stem – connects cerebrum and diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum – below/posterior to cerebrum (“little brain”)

3. External surface of the brain, superior view.
The division into two hemispheres and into lobes is visible.

4. Protective Structures of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Meninges – connective tissue that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord
Dura mater (outermost, thickest layer)
the dura mater is in 2 layers and in between is the dural sinuses (drains blood from brain tissue)
Arachnoid (middle layer)
Pia mater (layer closest to brain)
the pia mater contains blood vessels

5. Frontal (coronal) section of the top of the head
Frontal (coronal) section of the top of the head. The meninges and related parts are shown.

6. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Supports nervous tissue, cushions from shock
Carries nutrients to cells
Transports waste products from cells
Produced in ventricles (4 of them)
Choroid plexus – where CSF is formed by filtration of the blood and by cellular secretion
Please read pg. 217 : The Blood-Brain Barrier (Box 10-1)

7. Flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Black arrows show the flow of CSF from the choroid plexuses and back to the blood in dural sinuses; white arrows show the flow of blood. (The actual passageways through which the CSF flows are narrower than those shown here, which have been enlarged for visibility.)

8. Ventricles of the brain. Three views are shown. 

9. The Cerebral Hemispheres
Lobes (named for the cranial bones above)
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Cerebral cortex (composed of gray matter)
Arranged in folds and grooves (gyri and sulci)
Inside, the cerebral hemispheres are composed of white matter
Corpus callosum (band of white matter that connects right and left hemispheres that permits impulses to cross
** areas that contain mostly cell bodies, compose the gray matter

10. External surface of the brain, lateral view
External surface of the brain, lateral view. The lobes and surface features of the cerebrum are visible.

11. Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
Frontal lobe
Motor area
Speech centers
Parietal lobe
Sensory area
Estimation of distances, sizes, shapes
Temporal lobe
Auditory area
Olfactory area
Occipital lobe
Visual receiving area
Visual association area

12. Functional areas of the cerebral cortex.
*** please know these areas and which one controls what functions!

13. Communication Areas Auditory areas (temporal lobe) Auditory receiving
Auditory association
Speech comprehension (Wernicke area)
Motor areas (frontal lobe)
Motor speech (Broca area)
Written speech center
Visual areas (occipital lobe)
Visual language images receiving

14. Memory and the Learning Process
Short-term memory
Information lost unless reinforced
Long-term memory
Rehearsal (repetition)
Alertness

15. The Diencephalon see next slide… Thalamus Sorts sensory impulses
Directs impulses within cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Maintains homeostasis
Controls sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system
Influences heartbeat, blood flow, hormone secretion
see next slide…

16. Regions of the diencephalon
Regions of the diencephalon. The figure shows the relationship among the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland (hypophysis).

17. The Limbic System Between cerebrum and diencephalon
*Involved in emotional states, behavior
Involved in learning, long-term memory
Stimulates the reticular formation
Links functions of cerebral cortex and brain stem

18. The Brain Stem Connects cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord
Composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

19. The Midbrain Superior part of brain stem
Four masses form superior part of midbrain
Reflexes involving eyes and ears
Conducts impulses between higher centers of cerebrum and lower centers of pons, medulla, cerebellum, spinal cord
(- CN III and IV)

20. The Pons Connecting link between cerebellum and rest of nervous system
Some reflexes involving respiration
( - CN V and VIII)

21. The Medulla Oblongata
Respiratory center - controls muscles of respiration
Cardiac center – regulates rate and force of heart rate
Vasomotor center - regulates contraction of smooth muscle in vessels, thus controlling blood flow and B/P
Contralateral (opposite side) control
(-CN IX and XII)

22. The Cerebellum see next slide… Structure Vermis (middle)
Left hemisphere
Right hemisphere
Function
Help coordinate voluntary muscles
Help maintain balance
Help maintain muscle tone
see next slide…

23. The cerebellum. (A) Posterior view showing the two hemispheres.
(B) Midsagittal section showing the distribution of gray and white matter.
The three parts of the brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata) are also labeled.

24. Brain Studies Imaging techniques to study the brain without surgery
Computed tomography (CT) scan
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Positron emission tomography (PET)

25. Electroencephalograph
Record electric currents given off by brain nerve cells
Study sleep patterns
Diagnose disease
Locate tumors
Study drug effects
Determine brain death

26. Disorders of the Brain and Associated Structures
Meningitis
Inflammation of brain and spinal cord coverings
Bacterial causes
Viral causes
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain
Toxic substances causes
Viral vaccine causes
*What procedure have we learned about that would
test for meningitis?

27. Hydrocephalus Abnormal CSF accumulation within brain Causes
Congenital malformation
Tumor
Inflammation
Hemorrhage

28. Stroke and Other Brain Disorders
Most common brain disorder
Usually caused by a blood clot that blocks flow to an area of brain tissue
aphasia
Cerebral palsy – caused by brain damage during or before birthing process
Epilepsy – chronic disorder involving abnormal brain electrical activity
Brain tumor – may develop at any age

29. Injury Head trauma can lead to injury within skull Epidural hematoma
Subdural hematoma
Intracerebral hematoma
Cerebral concussion
(know definitions and be able to distinguis between them)

30. Degenerative Diseases
Alzheimer disease – brain disorder resulting from an unexplained degeneration of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus (no cure at this time)
Multi-infarct dementia – the accumulation of brain damage resulting from chronic ischemia (such as a series of small strokes)
Parkinson disease – progressive neurologic condition with tremors, rigidity, slow movement and poor balance

31. Cranial Nerves DON’T CRY!!! 12 pairs Four categories
Special sensory impulses
General sensory impulses
Somatic motor impulses
Visceral motor impulses
DON’T CRY!!!

32. Cranial nerves.
The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are seen from the base of the brain.

33. Names and Functions of the Cranial Nerves
I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear (also known as acoustic or auditory)
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory (also known as spinal)
XII Hypoglossal
Tip to remember:
On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Fin And German Vended Some Hops
** Please refer to pg. 228, Table 10-2
- Use this table to study

34. Disorders Involving the Cranial Nerves
Destruction of optic fibers (increase in pressure; Ex:Glaucoma)
Damage to hearing nerves (medicines can cause this)
Paralysis of muscles (from infections or toxins)
Bell palsy (one sided facial paralysis)
Neuralgia (nerve pain)

35. Aging of the Nervous System
Decreased brain size and weight
Decreased speed of information processing
Slowed movements
Diminished memory
Reduced blood flow to brain

36. End of Presentation