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Nervous System Overview

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Presentation on theme: "Nervous System Overview"— Presentation transcript:

1 Nervous System Overview
Nervous tissue Neuron: nerve cell specialized for carrying signals from one location in the body to another Nerve: bundle of neuron extensions wrapped in connective tissue Brain and Spinal Cord : Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (outside spinal cord)

2 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS)
LE 28-1a Sensory input Integration Sensory receptor Motor output Brain and spinal cord Effector cells Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS)

3 A reflex is an automatic response to stimuli
LE 28-1b A reflex is an automatic response to stimuli Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Brain Ganglion Motor neuron Spinal cord Quadriceps muscles Interneuron CNS Nerve Flexor muscles PNS

4 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems
LE 28-2 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems Signal direction Dendrites Cell Body Cell body SEM 3,600 Node of Ranvier Layers of myelin in sheath Signal pathway Axon Schwann cell Nucleus Nucleus Nodes of Ranvier Schwann cell Myelin sheath Synaptic terminals

5 Voltmeter Plasma membrane Microelectrode outside cell –70 mV
LE 28-3a Voltmeter Plasma membrane Microelectrode outside cell –70 mV Microelectrode inside cell Axon Neuron

6 Outside of cell Na+ K+ Na+ Na+ Na+ K+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+
LE 28-3b Outside of cell Na+ K+ Na+ Na+ Na+ K+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ channel Na+ Na+ K+ Plasma membrane Na+-K+ pump K+channel Na+ K+ K+ K+ Protein K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ Inside of cell Na+

7 Animation: Action Potential
Cause of electrical changes of an action potential Movement of K+ and Na+ across the membrane Controlled by the opening and closing of voltage-gated channels Animation: Action Potential

8 LE 28-5 Axon Action potential Axon Na+ segment Action potential K+ Na+

9 LE 28-6 Sending neuron Action potential arrives Vesicles Axon of
Synaptic terminal Synapse Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft Synaptic cleft Receiving neuron Neurotrans- mitter binds to receptor Receiving neuron Neurotransmitter molecules Ion channels Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter broken down and releases Receptor Ions Ion channel opens Ion channel closes

10 Animation: Synapse

11 28.7 Chemical synapses make complex information processing possible
A neuron may receive information from hundreds of other neurons via thousands of synaptic terminals Some neurotransmitters excite the receiving cell Other neurotransmitters inhibit the receiving cell's activity by decreasing its ability to develop action potentials If excitatory signals are strong enough to initiate an action potential, a neuron will transmit a signal

12 LE 28-7 Synaptic terminals Dendrites Inhibitory Excitatory Myelin
sheath Receiving cell body Axon Synaptic terminals SEM 5,500

13 28.8 A variety of small molecules function as neurotransmitters
Many small, nitrogen-containing molecules serve as neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Important in brain and at synapses between motor neurons and muscles Biogenic amines Important in central nervous system Seratonin, dopamine

14 Amino acids Important in central nervous system Peptides Substance P, endorphins influence perception of pain Dissolved gases NO functions during sexual arousal

15 CONNECTION 28.9 Many drugs act at chemical synapses
Many psychoactive drugs act at synapses and affect neurotransmitter action Caffeine Nicotine Alcohol Psychoactive prescription drugs Stimulants THC (marijuana) Opiates

16 28.11 Vertebrate nervous systems are highly centralized and cephalized
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia Central nervous system (CNS) made up of spinal cord and brain Spinal cord Inside vertebral column Conveys information from brain Integrates simple responses

17 Brain, the master control center
Homeostatic centers keep body functioning smoothly Sensory centers integrate data from sense organs Can include centers of emotion and intellect Sends motor commands to muscles

18 LE 28-11a Central nervous Peripheral system (CNS) nervous system (PNS)
Brain Cranial nerves Spinal cord Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

19 LE 28-11b Cerebrospinal fluid Dorsal root ganglion (part of PNS) Brain
Meninges Gray matter White matter Spinal nerve (part of PNS) Central canal Ventricles Central canal of spinal cord Spinal cord (cross section) Spinal cord

20 28.12 The peripheral nervous system of vertebrates is a functional hierarchy
The PNS has two functional components Somatic nervous system Carries signals to and from skeletal muscles Responds mainly to external stimuli Autonomic nervous system Regulates internal environment Controls smooth and cardiac muscle, various organs; involuntary

21 Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous
LE 28-12 Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division Enteric division

22 Parasympathetic division
LE 28-13 Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division Brain Eye Constricts pupil Dilates pupil Salivary glands Stimulates saliva production Inhibits saliva production Lung Constricts bronchi Dilates bronchi Accelerates heart Slows heart Heart Adrenal gland Spinal cord Stimulates epinephrine and norepi- nephrine release Liver Stomach Stimulates stomach, pancreas, and intestines Stimulates glucose release Pancreas Inhibits stomach, pancreas, and intestines Intestines Bladder Stimulates urination Inhibits urination Promotes erection of genitals Promotes ejacu- lation and vaginal contractions Genitalia

23

24 Fetus (three months old)
LE 28-14 Embryonic Brain Regions Brain Structures Present in Adult Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres; includes cerebral cortex, white matter, basal ganglia) Forebrain Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, pineal gland) Midbrain Midbrain (part of brainstem) Pons (part of brainstem), cerebellum Hindbrain Medulla oblongata (part of brainstem) Cerebral hemisphere Diencephalon Midbrain Midbrain Hindbrain Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Forebrain Embryo (one month old) Fetus (three months old)

25 Cerebral cortex Cerebrum Thalamus Forebrain Hypothalamus
LE 28-15a Cerebral cortex Cerebrum Forebrain Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Midbrain Pons Spinal cord Medulla oblongata Hindbrain Cerebellum

26 LE 28-15b Left cerebral Right cerebral hemisphere hemisphere Basal
Corpus callosum Basal ganglia

27 Frontal lobe Parietal lobe cortex cortex Somatosensory association
LE 28-16 Frontal lobe Parietal lobe cortex cortex Somatosensory association area Frontal association area osensory Speech Motor Somat Taste Reading Speech Hearing Visual association area Smell Auditory association area Vision Temporal lobe Occipital lobe

28 28.18 Several parts of the brain regulate sleep and arousal
Hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and pons help regulate our sleep/wake cycles Sensory information sent from reticular formation to cortex makes us alert and aware EEG measures electrical activity in the brain during arousal and sleep In REM sleep, brain waves are similar to the awake state; most dreams occur

29 and temperature receptors
LE 28-18a Data to cerebral cortex Input from ears Eye Reticular formation Input from touch, pain, and temperature receptors

30 LE 28-18c Awake but quiet (alpha waves) Awake during intense mental activity (beta waves) Delta waves REM sleep Delta waves Asleep

31 28.19 The limbic system is involved in emotions, memory, and learning
The limbic system is a group of integrating centers in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus Amygdala Lays down emotional memories Acts as a memory filter Hippocampus Involved in formation and recall of memories

32 Thalamus Cerebrum Hypothalamus Prefrontal cortex Smell Olfactory bulb
LE 28-19 Thalamus Cerebrum Hypothalamus Prefrontal cortex Smell Olfactory bulb Amygdala Hippocampus

33 Memory is the ability to store and retrieve information derived from experience
Short-term memory: lasts only a few minutes Long-term memory: lasts weeks or longer Information can be transferred from short-term to long-term memory Factual memories are different from skill memories Information processing by the brain involves complex interplay of integrating centers

34 28.20 Changes in brain physiology can produce neurological disorders
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disturbance Characterized by psychotic episodes in which patients lose the ability to distinguish reality Causes unknown, but research is looking for gene for predisposition Treated by drugs that affect the neurotransmitter dopamine

35 Two broad forms of depressive illness have been identified
Major depression leaves a person unable to live a normal life Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings Most common treatment is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

36 Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a form of mental deterioration
Characterized by confusion, memory loss, and many other symptoms Progressive; usually age related Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques destroy neurons in brain Currently no cure

37 Neurofibrillary tangle
LE 28-20b Senile plaque Neurofibrillary tangle

38 Parkinson's disease is a motor disorder
Characterized by difficulty in initiating movements, slowness of movement, and rigidity Progressive; increases with age Symptoms result from death of neurons in midbrain Results from combination of environmental and genetic factors At present, no cure available

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