1. Chapter 10 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
Subtitle

2. 10.1 Discovery of DNA

3. 10.1 Discovery of DNA LEARNING TARGETS I will be able to:
Relate how Frederick Griffith’s experiment showed how a hereditary factor was involved in transformation
Summarize how Oswald Avery’s experiment concluded that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria
Describe how Hershey and Chase’s experiment led to the conclusion that DNA is the hereditary molecule in viruses

4. Frederick Griffith (1928)
I science!

5. Frederick Griffith (1928)
British
Studied Streptococcus pneumonia

6. Frederick Griffith (1928) Tried to create a vaccine Studied 2 strains:
R strain – does not cause pneumonia
S strain – causes pneumonia

7. Frederick Griffith (1928)
What does this image show?

8. Frederick Griffith (1928)
Griffith concluded that the heat killed S cells released their genetic material to the R cells
transformation
R cells became disease- causing

9. Oswald Avery (1940’s)
I smores…..and science!!
American

10. Oswald Avery (1940’s)
Wanted to know if DNA, RNA, or protein was responsible for transformation in Griffith’s experiment

11. Oswald Avery (1940’s)
Wanted to know if DNA, RNA, or protein was responsible for transformation in Griffith’s experiment

12. Oswald Avery (1940’s) 3 experiments
Found out that when DNA wasn’t present, S cells couldn’t transform R cells

13. Oswald Avery (1940’s)

14. Hershey and Chase (1952)

15. Hershey and Chase (1952)

16. Hershey and Chase (1952) American
Determined that DNA is the hereditary molecule in viruses

17. Hershey and Chase (1952)

18. 10.2 DNA Structure

19. 10.2 DNA Structure LEARNING TARGETS I will be able to:
Evaluate the contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double helix structure
Describe the 3 parts of a nucleotide
Relate the role of base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA

20. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

21. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
Took x-ray diffraction photos of DNA crystals
This information was then used by Watson and Crick

22. James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)
Watson (American) & Crick (British)
Developed double helix model of DNA structure
Looks like a twisting staircase

23. James Watson and Francis Crick
Howard Wolowitz (American)

24. DNA Nucleotides
Nucleotides are the building blocks (monomers) of ………?

25. DNA Nucleotides Nucleotides are the building blocks (monomers) of ………?
NUCLEIC ACIDS!!!!!!!!!!!
If answered correctly… ?v=3GwjfUFyY6M

26. DNA Nucleotides (3 parts)
Made up of 3 parts:
5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
Sugar and phosphate groups are identical in all nucleotides
Bases are different

27. Nitrogenous Bases (4 types)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
These are pyrimidines
pyrimidines – have only 1 carbon ring
Guanine (G)
Adenine (A)
These are purines
Purines – have 2 carbon rings

29. Erwin Chargaff (1949) American biochemist
Noticed that amount of A = amount of T
Amount of C = amount of G
This led to base-pairing rules

30. Base-Pairing Rules C always pairs with G A always pairs with T
These are complementary bases
connected by hydrogen bonds

31. Base-Pairing Rules

32. Base-Pairing Rules

33. 10.3 DNA Replication

34. 10.3 DNA Replication LEARNING TARGETS I will be able to:
Summarize the process of DNA replication
Identify the role of enzymes if the replication of DNA
Describe how complementary base pairing guides DNA replication
Describe mutations that occur during DNA replication

35. 10.3 DNA Replication

36. DNA Replication
Amount of DNA is doubled in preparation for cell division

37. DNA Replication – 3 Steps
One DNA strand is separated into two strands
Helicases – enzymes that separate DNA strands
What kind of bond is being broken here?

38. DNA Replication – 3 Steps
One DNA strand is separated into two strands
Helicases – enzymes that separate DNA strands
Almost like using a zipper on a jacket
Y shaped region where strands are being separated is called replication fork

39. DNA Replication – 3 Steps
Complementary bases are added to new strands
DNA polymerase – enzyme that adds nucleotides to new strands

40. DNA Replication – 3 Steps
DNA polymerase falls off
Forms two new strands

41. Mutations
Mutation – change in nucleotide sequence of DNA

42. Mutations
Point Mutation – one single nucleotide is altered by addition, subtraction, or deletion
Addition – nucleotide is added to the sequence

43. Mutations
Point Mutation – one single nucleotide is altered by addition, subtraction, or deletion
Deletion – one nucleotide is removed from sequence

44. Mutations
Point Mutation – one single nucleotide is altered by addition, substitution, or deletion
Substitution – one nucleotide is exchanged for another

45. 10.4 Protein Synthesis

46. 10.4 Protein Synthesis LEARNING TARGETS: I will be able to:
Outline the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein
Compare the structures of DNA and RNA
Summarize the process of transcription
Compare the role of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
Identify the importance of learning about the human genome

47. 10.4 Protein Synthesis

48. Protein Synthesis Overview
Consists of transcription and translation
Transcription – info transferred from DNA to RNA
Translation – RNA directs assembly of proteins

49. RNA Structure single chain Sugar = ribose (not deoxyribose)
Has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
U-A and C-G base pairing

50. 3 Types of RNA mRNA – messenger RNA
Takes info from DNA in nucleus to ribosome in cytosol

51. 3 Types of RNA tRNA – transfer RNA
Transfers amino acids during translation

52. 3 Types of RNA
rRNA – ribosomal RNA
Makes up part of the ribosome

53. Transcription Steps RNA polymerase attaches to promoter
Promoter – specific sequence of nucleotides where RNA knows to attach
what type of molecule is RNA polymerase?

54. Transcription Steps
DNA unwinds

55. Transcription Steps
RNA polymerase reaches termination signal, and breaks off
Complementary mRNA is formed!

56. Transcription Steps
Worksheet 10.4 #1 DNA: T T A C G T C A C RNA: ?

57. Transcription Steps
Worksheet 10.4 #1 DNA: T T A C G T C A C RNA: A A U G C A G U G

58. Genetic Code
Explains how a sequence of bases creates a specific amino acid

59. Genetic Code
3 nucleotides (letters) codes for a specific amino acid (word)
Codon – a 3 nucleotide (letter) sequence in mRNA that codes for an amino acid

60. Codon Table

61. Codon Table

62. Translation Steps mRNA attaches to rRNA of ribosome
tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome
Don’t forget that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins!
Anticodon on tRNA starts the translation process

63. Translation Steps
Codon = CGA
Anticodon = GCU

64. Translation Steps
tRNA keeps bringing amino acids to ribosome

65. Translation Steps
Amino acids form peptide bond together
tRNA leaves

66. Translation Steps Stop codon reached and translation stops
Ribosome leaves and protein forms

67. Translation Steps
Worksheet 10.4 #3 mRNA = A A U G C A G U G Amino acids = ?

68. Translation Steps
Worksheet 10.4 #3 mRNA = A A U G C A G U G Amino acids = asparagine alanine valine

69. Translation Steps

70. Human Genome
We’ve figured out the order of 3.2 billion base pairs in the 23 human chromosomes!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
About 30,000 genes in human genome
Can help find genes responsible for specific diseases

71. Bellwork
Answer the following questions: What are the roles of helicase and DNA polymerase during DNA replication? What are the three parts of a nucleotide? Write the complementary base pairs to ATCCAGGACTA.