1. The Influence of Exercising on Systolic Blood Pressure
Submitted by: Jelena Stijovic and Jovana Stijovic
Submitted for: IE 331 Semester Project
Spring 2015
Professor G. Bengu

2. Presentation Outline
Introduction
Data Source
Data Analysis
Summary
References and
Apprendices

3. Project Motivation and Objectives
Interested in the effects of physical activity on stress levels
Data Availability
Objectives
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) during exercise can predict a future diagnosis of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular disease death.
No studies have been conducted to establish a relationship between SBP during exercise test and stroke. The purpose of the present study is to determine the alternations of SBP before and after 25 minutes of aerobic bicycle exercise. The pressure measurements of subject are measured a group who had no stress, a group who had stress caused by an arithmetic test, and a group who had stress caused by a speech test.

4. Some facts about Systolic Blood Pressure:
Elevated resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) is a common risk factor for stroke.
Incidence of stroke increases proportionally to blood pressure.
A blood pressure reading appears as two numbers. The first and higher of the
two is a measure of systolic pressure, or the pressure in the arteries when the
heart beats and fills them with blood.
Physical capacity may have an effect on the SBP alternation, because
maximum exercise capacity varies among individuals.
Normal blood pressure rises steadily from about 90/60 at birth to about 120/80
in a healthy adult.
Consistently high blood pressure forces the heart to work far beyond its
capacity. Along with injuring blood vessels, hypertension can damage the brain, eyes, and kidneys.

5. The Data Set
Data are from “Sympathoadrenergic Mechanisms in Reduced Hemodynamic
Stress Responses after Exercise” by Kim Brownley et al, Medicine and Science in
Sports and Exercise, Vol. 35, No. 6. The blood pressure measurements (mm Hg)
are taken before and after a period consisting of 25 minutes of aerobic bicycle
exercise. During the pre- and post-exercise periods, subjects were measured
during a time of no stress, and a time of stress caused by an arithmetic test, and
a time of stress caused by a speech test.

6. Statistical Analysis Methods:
Descriptive Statistical Analysis Tools are used to interpret the results and describe
the data
Literature Search is completed to explain how our work is different from the rest
of the related studies as this is an enhancement project
Graphs are done both in Excel and Minitab by using the calculations of
mean and variance
Poisson Distribution is implemented to determine the probability that there will
not be changes in blood pressure
Hypothesis Testis is used to test given claims and present the statistical results

7. Descriptive Analysis of the Data
Gender Factor
Female vs. Male (Blood Pressure)
Race Factor
Whites vs. Blacks

8. Descriptive Statistics
The Pie chart illustrates proportion of race and gender of the people who
participated in the experiment. Participants were classified in such way that there
is an equal number of males/female as well as whites/blacks.

9. The histograms demonstrate coloration between frequency and blood pressure
classified by gender. By looking at the mean on the first graph we can say that
blood pressure of females and males was higher during pre-ex than post-ex
period which brings us to the conclusion that there was more participants
influenced by the stress before 25 min long exercise.

10. The second histogram shows that the mean was higher during the pre-ex
The second histogram shows that the mean was higher during the pre-ex. for both
(female and male) which shows that more people were under the `math stress`
before doing the exercise.

11. The blood pressure of the female participants was higher during pre-ex
The blood pressure of the female participants was higher during pre-ex. Period
while male’s blood pressure was higher during post –ex. period which indicates
that the women were more influenced by speech stress before doing exercise
while that was the opposite case for the men.

12. The box plots represent the relationship between the genders and blood pressure
during pre and post experimental phases. The vertical (y) axis shows the blood
pressure while the horizontal (x) axis illustrates participants` gender and race. By
looking at the graphs we can see the changes between blood pressure during
pre and post excise period.

13. Box plots Cont.

14. The scatter plots examine the relationship between pre and post diagnostic reports. The
data follows a clear pattern in all three scatter plots which demonstrates that there is a
positive linear relationship developed among the variables (when y goes up, x goes up).

15. Scatter Plots Cont.

17. The Data Type Data Race Factor
These findings cannot be used to describe the effects of exercising on all
races as the participants of this study were only the individuals of white and
black race.
Data Stress Factor
The findings cannot be used to determine the effects exercising has on all
kinds of stress since the participants were classified into categories of people
with no stress, math stress and speech stress.
Group Factor
The report is based on the data of the small groups of men and women so the
findings do not relate to stress levels of people globally.
Blood Pressure Factor
The data reflects the measurements of systolic blood pressure as exercise-
induced changes in diastolic blood pressure and its association with stress
levels have not been examined.

18. Hypothesis Testing Claim 1:
Ho: Pre and Post Blood Pressure for no stress group can be
considered equal.
Ha: Pre and Post Blood Pressure for no stress group is not
equal.
Claim 2:
Ho: Pre and Post Blood Pressure for math stress group can be considered
Ha: Pre and Post Blood Pressure for math stress group is not equal.
Claim 3:
Ho: Pre and Post Blood Pressure for speech stress group can be considered
Ha: Pre and Post Blood Pressure for speech stress group is not equal.

19. Claim 1

21. Claim 2

23. Claim 3

25. Poisson Distribution Probability there will not be changes in blood pressure x=0
Pre and Post Blood Pressure for No-Stress Group

26. Poisson Cont. Pre and Post Blood Pressure for
Pre and Post Blood Pressure for Math Stress Group
Pre and Post Blood Pressure for
Speech Stress Group

27. Additional Information
“Systolic Blood Pressure Response to Exercise Stress Test and Risk of Stroke”
The article “Systolic Blood Pressure Response to Exercise Stress Test and Risk of Stroke” described how a maximum symptom-limited exercise-tolerance test was performed with an electrically braked bicycle ergometer on participants in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. “The SBP rise was defined as an average rise of SBP per minute of exercise test time. Blood pressure was also measured during recovery after exercise at regular intervals of 2, 4, 6, and 8 minutes with subjects seated on the bicycle”. Mean resting SBP in the entire study population was 129 mm Hg (range 91 to 207 mm Hg; Table 1).
Maximum symptom-limited exercise-tolerance test was performed with an electrically braked bicycle
ergo-meter on participants in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. “The SBP rise was
defined as an average rise of SBP per minute of exercise test time. Blood pressure was measured during
recovery after exercise at regular intervals of 2, 4, 6, and 8 minutes with subjects seated on the bicycle”
Mean and SD of SBP rise measured during maximum symptom-limited
exercise stress test every 2 minutes in men free of stroke, coronary heart
disease, and antihypertensive medications at baseline.

28. Summary:
The problem of our study has to do with systolic blood pressure response to exercising as well as the stress levels caused by arithmetic and speech test. It is assumed that exercising decreases blood pressure and stress levels.
Previous researches have examined the relations of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during the exercise and recovery periods of a graded treadmill test to the risk of developing new-onset hypertension. Their results proved that elevated recovery SBP was predictive of hypertension in men. Our study deals with the correlation between systolic blood pressure and exercising with the purpose of underlying effects that exercising can have on stress levels on individual level.
It is important to understand and work on this problem because if proven that exercising on regular basis can possibly decrease the systolic blood pressure as well as anxiety levels in individuals suffering from math and speech test, this study could help many people suffering from hypertension and coronary heart disease since no other studies have been conducted to show a relationship between exercise test and stress tests.

29. References:
Kimberly A. Brownley, Alan L. Hinderliter, Sheila West, Susan S. Girdler, Andrew Sherwood, Kathleen C Light,
Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill 27599, USA “Sympathoadrenergic Mechanisms in Reduced Hemodynamic Stress Responses after Exercise”,
Parati G, Esler M.
Department of Cardiology, S Luca Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, piazza Brescia 20, Milan, Italy “The Human Sympathetic Nervous System: Its Relevance in Hypertension and heart Failure”
S. Kurl, J. A. Laukkanen, R. Rauramaa, T. A. Lakka, J. Sivenius, J.T. Salonen
Systolic Blood Pressure Response to Exercise Stress Test and Risk of Stroke