1. Crystal Lab part #1
Hand out is needed follow directions precisely. 75 ml of water, 20g of Copper sulfate.

2. Minerals and Bonding

3. Mineral
Non-minerals on earth
Occurs naturally
Is a solid
Has a definite chemical composition
Is inorganic
Ex. Quartz, halite, mica, Gold, diamonds
Ex. Water, glass, pearls, coal
8 elements make up 98% of Earth’s crust (see page 35 blk text.)

4. Non-minerals on earth
Native Mineral
Almost always combined with other elements as chemical compounds.
Top two or Two most abundant.
Oxygen (O) & Silicon (Si)
Mineral composed of a single element.
Ex. Gold, copper, silver, sulfur, diamonds

5. How do atoms of different minerals stay together
Electric attraction
Ion
Atoms in their normal state have an equal # of protons & electrons.
Said to be “stable”
An atom that gains or loses one or more electrons becoming either more positively or negatively charged
Since opposite charges attract, ions of opposite charges may bond together to form a compound
See example 3.10 on page 35 black text

6. Most form in molten rock called “Magma”
The kinds of minerals that form depends in part on what elements are present and in what amount.
The rate at which the magma cools determines the size of the mineral
Formation of Minerals
Type & Amount
Rate

7. Water-Based Minerals
Other Info
Crystalline
Minerals formed when water containing dissolved ions evaporates
Ex. Halite (rock salt)
Heat & pressure can also change substances into minerals
All minerals are crystalline
Made of atoms arranged in a regular pattern

8. Crystal
A regular geometric solid with smooth surfaces called crystal faces
The angle at which crystals faces meet is always the same for each kind of mineral and can be used to help identify the mineral
Although there are thousands of different kinds of minerals, only 6 basic crystal shapes occur

9. Descriptive shapes used to help identify each crystal system what are they?
See fig on page 39 blk text
Crystallographic axes

10. Individual Comp Book Assignment
Blk Text pg 37, 8-12

11. Silica Tetrahedron Silica Tetrahedron In all Silicates
90% of the minerals in Earth’s crust are members of a mineral Family called Silicates
These silicates are compounds of the elements Si & O plus 1 or more metallic minerals
All silicates are made of four O atoms packed closely around a Si atom.
Held together by covalent bonds between the Si and O atoms.

12. III. Identifying Minerals
“More About Minerals!”

13. A. Rock-forming Minerals
1. The study of minerals and their properties is called MINERALOGY.

14. 2. Examples:
a. Quartz- hardest common mineral #7

15. b. Hornblende- very dense mineral

16. c. Feldspar- fleshly pink

17. d. Mica-dark, pearly color & flakes in sheets

18. e. Calcite- works as a natural cement &effervesces

19. f.Olivine- olive green color

20. B. Mineral Identification
Color- easy, but the least useful
Luster- the way the mineral shines in the light.
Metallic- shines like a polished metal
Nonmetallic- no metal shine
Ex. Glassy, pearly, oily, earthy, dull, waxy

21. 3. Mineral tests: a. streak- color of a minerals powder, rubbing mineral on white tile b. cleavage- mineral tendency to spilt along flat surfaces. c. fracture- mineral breaks along surfaces that are NOT flat.

23. Fracture

24. Ex. Halite has 3 planes of cleavage.

25. d. Hardness- resistance to being scratched. 1.) Moh’s Scale

27. d. Hardness- resistance to being scratched. 1. ) Moh’s Scale e
d. Hardness- resistance to being scratched. 1.) Moh’s Scale e. Specific gravity- ratio of mineral weight to weight of an equal volume of water. 1.) How dense a mineral is compared to water.

28. f. Acid test- cold, weak HCl drop, look for a FIZZZZZ

29. 5. Other special properties- a. magnetic b
5. Other special properties- a. magnetic b. Fluorescence- glow under UV light 1.) continue to glow after UV light is taken away = phosphorescent

32. 5. Other special properties- a. magnetic b
5. Other special properties- a. magnetic b. Fluorescence- glow under UV light 1.) continue to glow after UV light is taken away = phosphorescent c. Radioactive d. Double refraction- bends light to form double image

34. Mineral Review The study of minerals is termed? -MINERALOGY
2. What scale do we use for HARDNESS?
-MOH’S
3. The least hard material can be scratched by what?
- finger nail

35. MINERAL ID LAB…..

36. Lab Questions.
1. Name the seven properties that are used to identify minerals.
2. Compare and contrast Halite and calcite.
3. What other mineral in the lab could be mistaken for calcite?
4.What is the difference between fracture & cleavage?
5.What are the three most useful properties for the identification of calcite?
6. Name one property that would readily distinguish each pair of minerals. A). Feldspar and quartz. B) Magnitite and hornblende. C) Kaolinite and Talc.
6.Amber is a precious material used in jewelry. It forms when the resin of pine trees hardens into stone. Is amber a mineral? EXPLAIN.