1. Vertebrates
May, 2012

2. Vertebrates
Vertebrates
Animals with a backbone

3. Vertebrates Phylum: Chordata Characteristics Backbone
Backbone (vertebrate) surrounds and protects a nerve cord
Skull and vertebrate are made of either bone or cartilage

4. Vertebrate Characteristics (cont)
4. Endotherms (warm-blooded animals) that maintained a constant body temperature
5. Ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) that body temperature changes with their environment

5. Fish Class Examples- minnows, blue gills, clown fish Characteristics
1. Fins- help the fish move steer, stop, and balance
2. scales- protect the body
3. Well developed sense of vision, hearing, taste, and smell
4. lateral line system- row of sense organs

6. Fish Class Characteristics 5. Breathe with gills
6. External and internal fertilization

7. 3 types of fish 1. Jawless fish- eel like fish, smooth, slimy, no jaw
2.Cartilaginous fishes- have cartilage, no bones, strong jaws SHARKS!
3.Bony fishes- bony skeleton, can float in place without swimming because they have a swim bladder
Swim bladder- balloon like organ filled with oxygen and other gases that gives the fish buoyancy

8. Bell Work Define the following terms 1. endotherm 2. ectotherm
3. swim bladder
4. Name 2 characteristics of fish

9. Amphibian Class
1. Amphibians evolved from fish and to adapt to life on land they needed lungs for breathing
2. Lung- saclike organ that takes oxygen from the air and delivers it to the blood

10. Amphibian Characteristics
1. Amphibian means “double life” because they live in water and on land
2. Eggs do not have a shell or membrane to prevent water loss so they are laid in water
3. Ectotherms
4. Skin is smooth and slimy
5. They don’t drink water, they absorb it through their skin

11. Amphibian Characteristics (cont.)
6. breath by taking air into their lungs and they absorb it through their skin
7. Their skin is so thin and moist they must live in water or in damp habitats
8. Their skin is brightly colored to warn predators away. This is called warning coloration.
9. 3 chambered heart
10. Turn to page 70. in your book and draw the life cycle of a frog.

12. Metamorphosis
Frog Metamorphosis

13. Kinds of Amphibians
1. Caecilians- shaped like worms or snakes, they have no legs. They live in tropical areas
2. Salamanders- live under stones or logs in damp woods

14. Kinds of Amphibians
3. Frogs and toads have powerful legs for jumping, well developed ears for hearing, sticky tongues, and vocal cords for calling
Vocal sac-thin sac of skin that inflates with air and vibrates

15. Reptiles
1. Some amphibians evolved special traits that prepared them for life in a drier environment
2. They developed thick, dry skin that protected them from water loss
3. Their legs were stronger so they could walk and they evolved a special egg that could survive on dry land

16. Reptile Characteristics
1. Some reptiles live in water but they use lungs to breathe air
2. Thick dry skin, that is water tight and prevents losing water by evaporation
3. Ectothermic
4. Amniotic egg-surrounded by a shell that protects an developing embryo (most important adaptation)
5. Internal fertilization
6. 3 chamber heart

17. Types of Reptiles 1. Turtles and Tortoises
2. Crocodiles and Alligators
3. Lizards
4. Snakes

18. Bell Work 1. Name the 4 types of reptiles.
2. What animal group did reptiles evolve from?
3. Are reptiles ectothermic or endothermic?
4. Name 3 characteristics of reptiles?

19. Tuatara
Oldest living reptile

20. Birds
1. Class: Aves
2. Birds are thought to be descendants of dinosaurs
3. Share some characteristics with reptiles
A. Bird legs and feet are covered with thick dry scales like reptiles
B. Both have amniotic eggs with a shell

21. Bird Characteristics 1. Beaks instead of teeth or jaws 2. Feathers
3. Wings
4. Need a lot of energy to be able to fly
5. Eat large amounts of food

22. Bird Characteristics
6. Air Sacs- special sacs attached to the lungs that increases the amount of oxygen that birds can take in
7. Lighter skeletons- hollow bones
8. 4 chamber heart
9. Endothermic

23. Kinds of Birds 1. Flightless Birds 2. Water Birds 3. Birds of Prey
A. penguins
B. ostrich
2. Water Birds
A. ducks
B. loons
3. Birds of Prey
A. owls
B. hawks

24. Kinds of Birds 4. Perching birds 5. Non Perching birds A. cardinal
B. chickadees
5. Non Perching birds
A. red-bellied wood pecker

25. Bell Work
1. Name 4 characteristics of
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds

26. Mammals

27. Origin of Mammals
Fossil evidence shows 280 million years ago there were mammal-like reptiles called therapsids

28. Characteristics of Mammals
1. Mammary glands- secrete nutritious milk
2. Endothermic
3. Hair somewhere on their bodies
4. Specialized teeth
5. 4 chamber heart
6. Large brains

29. Characteristics of Mammals
7. Require oxygen to burn or break down the food they eat
8. Diaphragm- muscle at the bottom of the rib cage that moves and helps with inhaling and exhaling
9. Produce sexually

30. Kinds of Mammals 1. Monotremes- mammals that lay eggs
A. have mammary glands
B. echidnas
C. duckbilled platypus

31. Kinds of Mammals 2. Marsupials- mammals with pouches
A. have mammary glands
B. opossums
C. kangaroos
D. koalas
E. Tasmanian devils

32. Kinds of Mammals
3. Placental-embryos stay in an organ called an uterus in the mother. The placenta in the uterus supplies food and oxygen to the embryo.
Examples
Pigs
Horses
Dolphins
Whales
Humans
4.Gestation period- time that the embryo develops in the mother